“…Bettoni & Di Biase, 2015;Pienemann, 1998;Pienemann, Di Biase, & Kawaguchi, 2005). This implicational hierarchy of ESL development has been generally supported by a range of empirical studies (e.g., Charters, Jansen, & Dao, 2012;Dyson, 2009;Dyson & Håkansson, 2017;Keßler, 2007;Pienemann, 1998Pienemann, , 2005Pienemann & Keßler, 2011). As Table 1 shows, PT predicts five stages in ESL morphological development.…”