Thinking inside and outside the envelopes of bone

Szulc, Paweł; Seeman, Ego

doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0994-y

Cited by 51 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…With age the amount of bone deposited with each cycle of remodeling decreases [Szulc & Seeman, 2009] possibly due to reduction in number of cell precursors of osteoblasts, a reduction in the number of stem cells from which these precursors are derived, or a reduction in the life span of osteoblasts. The signals that lead to differentiation of osteoblast precursors decrease with age [Lee et al ., 2005], which may also contribute to the loss in osteoblast numbers.…”

Section: The Bone Cells and How They Agementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of hematopoietic cells, which are osteoclast precursors, decline with age in non-human primates [Lee et al ., 2005], and there may also be a decrease in the amount of surface available for resorption. The net result is a decrease in the amount of bone with age, starting fairly early in life [Sczulc &Seeman, 2009]. …”

Section: The Bone Cells and How They Agementioning

confidence: 99%

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Aging and Bone

2010

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Bones provide mechanical and protective function, while also serving as housing for marrow and a site for regulation of calcium ion homeostasis. The properties of bones do not remain constant with age; rather they change throughout life, in some cases improving in function, but in others, function deteriorates. Here we review the modifications in the mechanical function and shape of bones, the bone cells, the matrix they produce, and the mineral that is deposited on this matrix while presenting recent theories about the factors leading to these changes.

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Section: The Bone Cells and How They Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Bone Cells and How They Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and Bone

2010

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“…Cortical vBMD decreases from midlife in women, but only after age 75 in men, whereas trabecular bone loss starts almost immediately after PBM in both sexes ( Figure 1a ) but more so in women, with acceleration during perimenopause 5053. Bone loss in men is more due to decreased formation rather than increased resorption, therefore trabeculae become thinner ( Figure 1c ) but less perforated, disconnected and thus widely spaced ( Figure 1b and 1d ) compared to postmenopausal women 4654. Poor trabecular microarchitecture predisposes men to multiple and severe vertebral and peripheral fractures 55.…”

Section: Structural Basis Of Male Bone Strengthmentioning

confidence: 98%

Androgens and estrogens in skeletal sexual dimorphism

et al. 2014

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Bone is an endocrine tissue expressing androgen and estrogen receptors as well as steroid metabolizing enzymes. The bioactivity of circulating sex steroids is modulated by sex hormone-binding globulin and local conversion in bone tissue, for example, from testosterone (T) to estradiol (E2) by aromatase, or to dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase enzymes. Our understanding of the structural basis for gender differences in bone strength has advanced considerably over recent years due to increasing use of (high resolution) peripheral computed tomography. These microarchitectural insights form the basis to understand sex steroid influences on male peak bone mass and turnover in cortical vs trabecular bone. Recent studies using Cre/LoxP technology have further refined our mechanistic insights from global knockout mice into the direct contributions of sex steroids and their respective nuclear receptors in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and other cells to male osteoporosis. At the same time, these studies have reinforced the notion that androgen and estrogen deficiency have both direct and pleiotropic effects via interaction with, for example, insulin-like growth factor 1, inflammation, oxidative stress, central nervous system control of bone metabolism, adaptation to mechanical loading, etc., This review will summarize recent advances on these issues in the field of sex steroid actions in male bone homeostasis.

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“…The net result is a decrease in the amount of bone with age, starting fairly early in life [37, 38]. …”

Section: Musculoskeletal Age-related Modificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction Between Bone and Muscle in Older Persons with Mobility Limitations

Ferrucci¹,

Baroni²,

Ranchelli³

et al. 2014

CPD

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Aging is associated with a progressive loss of bone-muscle mass and strength. When the decline in mass and strength reaches critical thresholds associated with adverse health outcomes, they are operationally considered geriatric conditions and named, respectively, osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia share many of the same risk factors and both directly or indirectly cause higher risk of mobility limitations, falls, fractures and disability in activities of daily living. This is not surprising since bones adapt their morphology and strength to the long-term loads exerted by muscle during anti-gravitational and physical activities. Non-mechanical systemic and local factors also modulate the mechanostat effect of muscle on bone by affecting the bidirectional osteocyte-muscle crosstalk, but the specific pathways that regulate these homeostatic mechanisms are not fully understood. More research is required to reach a consensus on cut points in bone and muscle parameters that identify individuals at high risk for adverse health outcomes, including falls, fractures and disability. A better understanding of the muscle-bone physiological interaction may help to develop preventive strategies that reduce the burden of musculoskeletal diseases, the consequent disability in older persons and to limit the financial burden associated with such conditions. In this review, we summarize age-related bone-muscle changes focusing on the biomechanical and homeostatic mechanisms that explain bone-muscle interaction and we speculate about possible pathological events that occur when these mechanisms become impaired. We also report some recent definitions of osteoporosis and sarcopenia that have emerged in the literature and their implications in clinical practice. Finally, we outline the current evidence for the efficacy of available anti-osteoporotic and proposed anti-sarcopenic interventions in older persons.

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Thinking inside and outside the envelopes of bone

Cited by 51 publications

References 59 publications

Aging and Bone

Aging and Bone

Androgens and estrogens in skeletal sexual dimorphism

Interaction Between Bone and Muscle in Older Persons with Mobility Limitations

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