Thinking inside the box opens the universe, gravity and cosmology in the light of the SMPP and general relativity

Abstract

An experimentalist considers how the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SMPP) defines the real space-time of nature in the light of Einstein’s General Relativity (EGR). In the discussion observation is preferred over mathematics and care is taken not to introduce other ideas which can only be demonstrated by arguments dependent on those ideas. The main conclusion reached is that the universe has a high probability of being open, a conclusion quite different from current fashionable models, denying both dark energy and the need for inflation. Because an inappropriate mathematical procedure has been followed in formulating dark energy models they should be rejected as unsound. A new procedure is proposed which leads to a simple open cosmology for the present era, one of the two eras suggested in a new “Two Era Cosmology” (TEC). Other parts of the discussion throw light on several aspects of gravity which cause confusion in more mathematical treatments. The paper can be thought of as providing the basis of many research proposals which the author is unable to follow through.

Observers in a SMPP+GR model of reality: Are concepts fundamental or just artefacts of the modelling?

“…This network model of NST clearly embodies Mach's Principle, the network of everything defines the metric structure of space-time and controls the motion of all particles through their free fall attribute. Another conclusion resulting from this model of NST is that it is causally connected (note also that the two-era cosmology proposed [3,4] on the basis of observations has open space sections where space-time must be causally connected).…”

“…Clearly concepts within a cosmological model, such as Dark Energy, are also artefacts which the observer should endeavour to keep to the minimum necessary and they can never be fundamental. The open cosmology with two eras proposed earlier [3,4] uses the most probable cosmic metric (Milne's metric for the present epoch) and introduces no extra artefacts. The open geometry of this metric is causally connected and the horizon problem of flat cosmological metrics is absent, there is no need to conjecture processes beyond the SMPP such as Inflation and the various schemes conjectured to drive the Inflation process.…”

“…This article assumes that to model the Universe it is necessary to include the combination SMPP+GR, one objective is to examine to what extent these two twentieth century achievements are also sufficient to explain observations. A significant step in the direction of demonstrating sufficiency has previously been made by using a maximum probability model to formulate a new open cosmological model in which there are two distinct eras, one with uniform density of SMPP components which is followed by one with nonuniform density, a Two Era Cosmology [3,4] which eliminates the need not only for the Cosmological Dark Sector but also for Inflation.…”