“…2c and 3a). Similar results have been reported for other spruce forests (Nilsen and Strand, 2008;Vranova et al, 2009) and other forest ecosystems (Brumme, 1995;Sullivan et al, 2008;Tang et al, 2005b). Reductions in R s rate by forest thinning are linked to thinninginduced changes in microclimate (Galhidy et al, 2006;Gray et al, 2002), substrate availability (Selig et al, 2008;Zu et al, 2009), soil microbes (Arunachalam and Arunachalam, 2000;Zhang and Zak, 1998), and fine roots (Peng and Thomas, 2006;Tang et al, 2005b).…”