Thio arsenosugars in freshwater mussels from the Danube in Hungary

Soeroes, Csilla; Goessler, Walter; Francesconi, Kevin A.; Schmeisser, Ernst; Raml, Reingard; Kienzl, Norbert; Kahn, Markus; Fodor, Péter; Kuehnelt, Doris

doi:10.1039/b503897a

Cited by 45 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Thus, in some samples, the sum of the individual As species levels was less than the total As level measured, because the unknown forms of As were not quantified. In addition to the measured As forms reported here, there are as many as 18 other forms that have been identified in environmental and biological systems (Francesconi et al 1999; Le et al 1999, 2004; Miguens-Rodriguez et al 2002; Montilla et al, unpublished data; Sanchez-Rodas et al 2002; Schmeisser et al 2004; Soeroes et al 2005). These forms include dimethylarsinoylethanol, several arsenosugars, and thioarsenosugars found in shrimp, oysters, and seaweed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Assessing the Measurement Precision of Various Arsenic Forms and Arsenic Exposure in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)

Pellizzari

Clayton

2006

Environ Health Perspect

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Archived samples collected from 1995 to 1997 in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5 (R5) and the Children’s Study (CS) in Minnesota were analyzed for total arsenic, arsenate [As(V)], arsenite, dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA), monomethyl arsenic acid (MMA), arsenobetaine (AsB), and arsenocholine. Samples for the CS included drinking water, urine, hair, and dust; both studies included food (duplicate plate, composited 4-day food samples from participants). Except for AsB and As(V), the levels for As species measured in the food and drinking water samples were very low or nonexistent. The analytical methods used for measuring As species were sensitive to < 1 ppb. During the analysis of food and drinking water samples, chromatographic peaks appeared that contained As, but they did not correspond to those being quantified. Thus, in some samples, the sum of the individual As species levels was less than the total As level measured because the unknown forms of As were not quantified. On the other hand, total As was detectable in almost all samples (>90%) except for hair (47%), indicating that the analytical method was sufficiently sensitive. Population distributions of As concentrations measured in drinking water, food (duplicate plate), dust, urine, and hair were estimated. Exposures to total As in food for children in the CS were about twice as high as in the general R5 population (medians of 17.5 ppb and 7.72 ppb, respectively). In addition, AsB was the most frequently detected form of As in food eaten by the participants, while As(V) was only rarely detected. Thus, the predominant dietary exposure was from an organic form of As. The major form of As in drinking water was As(V). Spearman (rank) correlations and Pearson (log-concentration scale) correlations between the biomarkers (urine, hair) and the other measures (food, drinking water, dust) and urine versus hair were performed. In the NHEXAS CS, total As and AsB in the food eaten were significantly correlated with their levels in urine. Also, levels of As(V) in drinking water correlated with DMA and MMA in urine. Arsenic levels in dust did not show a relationship with urine or hair levels, and no relationship was observed for food, drinking water, and dust with hair. Urine samples were collected on days 3, 5, and 7 of participants’ monitoring periods. Total As levels in urine were significantly associated across the three pairwise combinations—i.e., day 3 versus day 5, day 3 versus day 7, and day 5 versus day 7. Because the half-life of As in the body is approximately 3 days, this suggests that some exposure occurred continually from day to day. This trend was also observed for AsB, suggesting that food is primarily responsible for the continual exposure. DMA and MMA in urine were also significantly correlated but not in all combinations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Assessing the Measurement Precision of Various Arsenic Forms and Arsenic Exposure in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)

Pellizzari

Clayton

2006

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The stability of (oxo-) arsenosugar compounds in a comparable acidic environment (0.078 M HCl) has previously been systematically investigated by Gamble et al [29], and no degradation to inorganic arsenic was observed. The same accounts for the thio-arsenosugars, which presence have been reported in algae and bivalves [30], since they will convert to their oxo-analogues when exposed to an oxidising environment [31] like the presence of the strong oxidant H 2 O 2 in the extractant solution, and hence not be present in the extracts. Additionally, no significant change in the iAs levels during extraction of real samples was found, since the HPLC-ICP-MS analysis of extracts gave~100% recovery for the marine samples spiked with iAs (unpublished data).…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Development and validation of an SPE HG-AAS method for determination of inorganic arsenic in samples of marine origin

et al. 2012

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The present paper describes a novel method for the quantitative determination of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in food and feed of marine origin. The samples were subjected to microwave-assisted extraction using diluted hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, which solubilised the analytes and oxidised arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)). Subsequently, a pH buffering of the sample extract at pH 6 enabled selective elution of As(V) from a strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) was applied to quantify the concentration of iAs (sum of As(III) and As(V)) as the total arsenic (As) in the SPE eluate. The results of the in-house validation showed that mean recoveries of 101-104% were achieved for samples spiked with iAs at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg·kg(-1), respectively. The limit of detection was 0.08 mg kg(-1), and the repeatability (RSD(r)) and intra-laboratory reproducibility (RSD(IR)) were less than 8% and 13%, respectively, for samples containing 0.2 to 1.5 mg kg(-1) iAs. The trueness of the SPE HG-AAS method was verified by confirming results obtained by parallel analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It was demonstrated that the two sets of results were not significantly different (P < 0.05). The SPE HG-AAS method was applied to 20 marine food and feed samples, and concentrations of up to 0.14 mg kg(-1) of iAs were detected.

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“…There have also been several reports of arsenobetaine in freshwater organisms (Slejkovec et al, 2004;Schaeffer et al, 2006), although the levels are generally low (<0.1 mg arsenic/kg dry mass), much lower than those found in marine samples. Farmed freshwater fish (aquaculture products) can contain arsenobetaine at higher concentrations because they are provided with feed containing marine ingredients (Soeroes et al, 2005). The reason for the observed differences in arsenobetaine content between marine and freshwater organisms is still not known although cumulative evidence suggests that it is related to salinity and that arsenobetaine may be serving as an adventitiously acquired osmolyte (Larsen and Francesconi, 2003;Clowes and Francesconi, 2004).…”

Section: Arsenobetainementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food

2009

EFSA Journal

877

220

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The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) assessed the risks to human health related to the presence of arsenic in food. More than 100,000 occurrence data on arsenic in food were considered with approximately 98 % reported as total arsenic. Making a number of assumptions for the contribution of inorganic arsenic to total arsenic, the inorganic arsenic exposure from food and water across 19 European countries, using lower bound and upper bound concentrations, has been estimated to range from 0.13 to 0.56 µg/kg bodyweight (b.w.) per day for average consumers, and from 0.37 to 1.22 µg/kg b.w. per day for 95 th percentile consumers. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic for children under three years of age is in general estimated to be from 2 to 3-fold that of adults. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 15 µg/kg b.w. established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) is no longer appropriate as data had shown that inorganic arsenic causes cancer of the lung and urinary bladder in addition to skin, and that a range of adverse effects had been reported at exposures lower than those reviewed by the JECFA. The CONTAM Panel modelled the dose-response data from key for providing consumption information and calculating exposure, the partners of the EFSA project on the "Individual food consumption data and exposure" coordinated by Ghent University (Department of Public Health, University Hospital, Ghent University, Belgium), and RIKILT (Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen, The Netherlands) for the accessibility of the exposure assessment tools. 4 Table of contents shows now the fourth level of subheadings. 5 An error in the interpretation of the total number of the population in the study of Rahman et al. (2006a) was discovered (Table 41). The BMDL was recalculated and as a consequence it was not considered a potential reference point. The text in the opinion, Table 43 and Appendix were revised accordingly. In addition, the header of the "total number of cases" was replaced by "total number of individuals" in Tables 40-42 and the erroneous units were corrected to µg/L in the text below SUMMARYArsenic is a metalloid that occurs in different inorganic and organic forms, which are found in the environment both from natural occurrence and from anthropogenic activity. The inorganic forms of arsenic are more toxic as compared to the organic arsenic but so far most of the occurrence data in food collected in the framework of official food control are still reported as total arsenic without differentiating the various arsenic species. The need for speciation data is evident because several investigations have shown that especially in seafood most of the arsenic is present in organic forms that are less toxic. Consequently, a risk assessment not taking into account the different species but considering total arsenic as being present exclusively as inorganic arsenic would lead to a considerable overestimation of the health risk rel...

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Thio arsenosugars in freshwater mussels from the Danube in Hungary

Cited by 45 publications

References 17 publications

Assessing the Measurement Precision of Various Arsenic Forms and Arsenic Exposure in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)

Assessing the Measurement Precision of Various Arsenic Forms and Arsenic Exposure in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)

Development and validation of an SPE HG-AAS method for determination of inorganic arsenic in samples of marine origin

Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food

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