Comprehensive Physiology 2015
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140042
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Thioredoxin Superfamily and Its Effects on Cardiac Physiology and Pathology

Abstract: A precise control of oxidation/reduction of protein thiols is essential for intact cardiac physiology. Irreversible oxidative modifications have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance of redox homeostasis with diminution of antioxidant capacities predisposes the heart to oxidant injury. There is growing interest in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the cardiovascular field, since perturbation of redox homeostasis in the ER is sufficient to cause ER stress. … Show more

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Cited by 20 publications
(16 citation statements)
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References 213 publications
(255 reference statements)
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“…However, regardless of short- or long-term stimulation of SS, AGEs or both, makes the intracellular phosphorylation of MAPKs change, and the total amount of MAPK protein does not change, implying that MAPKs are not the key player in regulating the process. However, data indicate that PDI is directly involved in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress 15, 19 and oxidative stress, 20 resulting in the development of cancer, neurological degenerative changes, immune and viral infections, and infertility. 14, 19, 21, 22, 23 In this study, we for the first time connected PDI with the simultaneous increases in VSMC proliferation and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo and confirmed different PDI expression across individual VSMCs (Figure 8).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…However, regardless of short- or long-term stimulation of SS, AGEs or both, makes the intracellular phosphorylation of MAPKs change, and the total amount of MAPK protein does not change, implying that MAPKs are not the key player in regulating the process. However, data indicate that PDI is directly involved in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress 15, 19 and oxidative stress, 20 resulting in the development of cancer, neurological degenerative changes, immune and viral infections, and infertility. 14, 19, 21, 22, 23 In this study, we for the first time connected PDI with the simultaneous increases in VSMC proliferation and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo and confirmed different PDI expression across individual VSMCs (Figure 8).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…PDI is one of the members of the thioredoxin superfamily oxidoreductases, which includes about 20 subtypes, 13 in this system. 13, 14, 15 PDI gene knockout is lethal to cells and embryos. 16 PDI has three main functions: molecular chaperones, oxidoreductase and isomerase 13, 17, 18 and can promote the disulfide formation (oxidase), breakage (reductase) or rearrangement (isomerase) of oxidized proteins, which are directly involved in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, 15, 19 oxidative stress, 20 resulting in the occurrence and development of many human major diseases, such as cancer, neurological degenerative changes, immune and viral infections and infertility.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The PDI family is a part of the thioredoxin (TRX) superfamily which also includes TRXs, peroxiredoxins, and glutaredoxins. Most of the enzymes catalyzing the formation of S-S bonds belong to the TRX superfamily ( 9 ). According to the HUGO gene nomenclature committee (HGNC) database, the human PDI gene family is comprised of 21 members ( http://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/692 ), which vary in length, domain arrangement and substrate specificity but share a common structural feature - the TRX-like domain ( Table 1 , Fig.…”
Section: The Pdi Gene Familymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The downstream component of Prx is the Trx system, which is comprised of NADPH, Trx and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and is involved in the regulation of DNA synthesis, gene transcription, cell growth and apoptosis ( 49 51 ). Trx is a small dithiol oxidoreductase that serves as a major carrier of redox potential in cells ( 52 ) and a cofactor for essential enzymes, and is involved in protein repair via methionine sulphoxide reductase ( 53 ) and the reduction of protein disulphides ( 54 ). This redox control of the Trx system is considered to regulate the expression of multiple stress defensive enzymes and protect cells against oxidative stress ( 54 ).…”
Section: Innate Immune System Evasionmentioning
confidence: 99%