Third-order optical nonlinearities and their ultrafast response in Bi_2O_3–B_2O_3–SiO_2 glasses

Sugimoto, Naoki; Kanbara, Hirohisa; Fujiwara, Seiji; Tanaka, Kōichiro; Shimizugawa, Y.; Hirao, Kazuyuki

doi:10.1364/josab.16.001904

Cited by 102 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The enhancement factor of the real part of the thirdorder optical nonlinearity is thus about two times higher for the BZH2 glass than for BZH7 glass, compared to SiO 2 . This is again in agreement with Miller's rule, since the enhancement factor for the BZH7 should be about 1 2 of that of BZH2 compared to SiO 2 , since the refractive index of BZH7 is 1.79. Notice that the thermal contribution to the nonlinearity does not change sign, with respect to the electronic one ͑as is the case for CS 2 ͒, being both positive.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…6. The glasses used can also be exploited for other photonic applications, since they have nonlinearities among the highest reported in the literature, 1,17 have already been pulled in fiber form and demonstrated as broadband optical amplifier. 18 Another important application has been recently developed, as an optical limiting device, as exploited in Ref.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the recent years, host glasses with modified matrix network have been developed which led to improved third-order nonlinearities. [1][2][3] Applications of such glasses include alloptical switching, 4 optical limiting, 5 and enhanced secondorder nonlinearities. 6 In order to fully characterize such glasses, besides the linear properties, nonlinear characterization is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of bismuth-borate glasses measured by conventional and thermally managed eclipse Z scan

Gomes

Filho

Araújo

et al. 2007

Journal of Applied Physics

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Third-order nonlinearity one order of magnitude larger than silica is measured in bismuth-borate glasses presenting a fast response ͑Ͻ200 fs͒. The results for the sign and magnitude of the nonlinearity were obtained using a combination of the eclipse Z scan with thermal nonlinearity managed Z scan, whereas the Kerr shutter technique was employed to obtain the electronic time response of the nonlinearity, all performed with 76 MHz repetition rate 150 fs pulses at 800 nm. Conventional Z scans in the picosecond regime at 532 and 1064 nm were also independently performed, yielding the values of the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities at those wavelengths. The results obtained for the femtosecond response, enhanced third-order nonlinearity of this glass ͑with respect to silica͒, place this glass system as an important tool in the development of photonics devices. Electro-optical modulators, optical switches, and frequency converters are some of the applications using second-order nonlinear properties of the Bi-glass based on the rectification model.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Third-order nonlinear optical properties of bismuth-borate glasses measured by conventional and thermally managed eclipse Z scan

Gomes

Filho

Araújo

et al. 2007

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Such a conclusion may be generalized to heavy-metal oxide glasses such as Bi-containing glasses. 21,22 In summary, we have demonstrated that the intensitydependent refractivity in PbO -SiO 2 glasses can be quantitatively connected to the two-photon absorption through the nonlinear Kramers-Kronig relation. The large nonlinear refractivity in this heavy-metal oxide glass seems to be a manifestation of resonant two-photon absorption from oxygen 2p to heavy-metal 6p states.…”

mentioning

confidence: 78%

Optical nonlinearity in PbO–SiO2 glass: Kramers–Kronig analyses

Tanaka¹,

Minamikawa²

2005

Applied Physics Letters

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Relationship between nonlinear refractivity and two-photon absorption has been studied for PbO -SiO 2 glasses using a nonlinear Kramers-Kronig relation. Nonlinear refractive indices, which are determined with z-scan measurements, are consistent with those which are calculated using the relation from two-photon absorption spectra. This consistency suggests that large intensity-dependent refractivity in this glass system arises from resonant two-photon electronic transitions from oxygen 2p to lead 6p states. © 2005 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.1891269͔With developments of optical fibers and devices, nonlinear properties in photonic glasses have attracted growing interests. This is because the optical nonlinearity in glasses, which may be smaller than that in crystals, appears in substantial magnitudes in fibers, 1,2 waveguides, [3][4][5] and microspheres 6 due to long propagation distances. In addition, the nonlinearity can be continuously changed by varying glass composition. [7][8][9] The nonlinearity can be induced at selected positions. 5 In some cases, the nonlinearity is responsible for photoinduced phenomena.10 Because of these features, several applications such as all-optical switches, optical limiters, and waveguide formation have been extensively explored. 4,11 However, the optical nonlinearity in glasses remains to be studied. Specifically, fundamental mechanisms of the intensity-dependent refractivity n 2 ͑n = n 0 + n 2 I + ...͒ in glasses have been less-well understood than those in simple systems such as two-level atoms 12 and crystalline semiconductors. 13 For glasses, only empirical or semiempirical relationships have been proposed, 14 most of which cannot provide spectral dependence. It seems to be very difficult to predict the magnitude of n 2 in glasses from an expectation value of polarization which is formulated quantum mechanically. 12 Here, another way to grasp the intensity-dependent refractivity is to relate it with nonlinear absorption. That is, we start with the absorption, which can be connected with photoelectronic transitions between some electronic energy levels. Then, using a nonlinear Kramers-Kronig relation, 15 we can derive the nonlinear refractivity explicitly. Such a procedure has provided satisfactory understanding for crystalline materials.13 It should also be noted that this procedure has an experimental advantage, since absorption spectra can be obtained more easily through transmittance measurements than refractivity spectra. To the authors' knowledge, however, such a procedure has not been applied to glasses.To obtain a unified insight into the optical nonlinearity in glasses, we explore the above method in the present work. As an example, a PbO system is taken, which is known to be a kind of heavy-metal oxide glasses. We measure the nonlinear refractivity n 2 using z-scan measurements, and compare the results with those derived by applying a nonlinear Kramers-Kronig relation to nonlinear absorption spectra. Since the absorption spectra can be directly ...

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“…The switch is based on a single-arm, Ultrafast Nonlinear Interferometer (UNI) gate [11], which uses the 80-cm long Bi-NLF as the nonlinear interaction medium in order to obtain a complete π phase shift. The below-200 fs nonlinearity response time of the highly nonlinear fiber [13] ensures that the switching window of the switch is defined by the width of the control pulses. This has enabled bitwise operation at input data rates of 40 Gb/s, whereas in principle switch operation can be extended at even higher rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2x2 Bismuth-Oxide-Fiber Based Crossbar Switch for All-Optical Switching Architectures

Zouraraki

Bakopoulos

Vyrsokinos

et al.

Optical Network Design and Modeling

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Abstract. We demonstrate an optically controlled 2x2 Crossbar switch suitable for all-optical switching architectures. The switch is based on an Ultrafast Nonlinear Interferometer (UNI) configuration and uses 80 centimeters of highly nonlinear Bismuth Oxide fiber. Error-free operation is demonstrated with 10 and 40 Gb/s input signals, with power penalties in its BAR and CROSS states of less than 0.3 dB and 1 dB respectively. The short length of the highly nonlinear Bismuth Oxide fiber ensures compact size, small latency and good operational stability of the switch.

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Third-order optical nonlinearities and their ultrafast response in Bi_2O_3–B_2O_3–SiO_2 glasses

Cited by 102 publications

References 20 publications

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of bismuth-borate glasses measured by conventional and thermally managed eclipse Z scan

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of bismuth-borate glasses measured by conventional and thermally managed eclipse Z scan

Optical nonlinearity in PbO–SiO2 glass: Kramers–Kronig analyses

2x2 Bismuth-Oxide-Fiber Based Crossbar Switch for All-Optical Switching Architectures

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