Third-party conflict interventions are kin biased in captive white-lipped peccaries (Mammalia, Tayassuidae)

Sex differences in cooperative coalitions: a mammalian perspective

“…For instance, adult female baboons [124], and spotted hyenas [11] selectively support closely related maternal and paternal kin against less closely related kin and non-kin. Similarly, male white-lipped peccaries ( Tayassu pecari ) intervene more often on behalf of their closest genetic relatives during ongoing fights [144]. Male Barbary macaques are also more likely to respond to solicitations for support from (unrelated) males with whom they have close social bonds than from males with whom they have weak ties [145].…”

Do sheep (Ovis aries) perform third‐party interventions?

“…A pivotal question on social animals is how conflict among individuals is managed (Doyle et al, 2016; Galindo et al, 2011). Several behavioural strategies have evolved among group‐living individuals to limit the effects of aggressive interactions such as dominance relationships, mutual avoidance, and acoustic signaling (Leonardo et al, 2021). Studies have shown that conflict management can also be secured by the presence of several behaviors such as policing (Flack et al, 2005), previously described as pacifying interventions (Boehm, 1994), as well as third party interventions (Aureli & de Waal, 2000; Krueger et al, 2015).…”

“…Nevertheless, despite potential costs, third‐party interventions in agonistic encounters appear to be consistent and widespread in numerous species, suggesting that interveners benefit from this behaviour directly or indirectly (Krueger et al, 2015; Leonardo et al, 2021; Schneider & Krueger, 2012; Van Dierendonck et al, 2009; von Rohr et al, 2012). There are different ways that an intervener may benefit from this behavior (Krueger et al, 2015).…”

“…The information about the structure of aggressive interactions and third‐party interventions in ungulates is scarce (Jennings et al, 2009; Krueger et al, 2015; Leonardo et al, 2021), especially when attention is given on farm animals. In general, studies on ungulate, and in particular on sheep, agonistic behaviour focused on dyadic interactions to assess dominance relations within the group and their correlations with phenotypic characteristics, resource‐holding potential and mating success (Jennings et al, 2009).…”

“…Thus, the presence of this behavior in sheep not only suggests a complexity of their social system but it is also indicative of the individual fitness benefits gained from their social systems. Since the identification of the behavior of “third‐party interventions,” the number of species that have been identified to perform such behavior has increased (Leonardo et al, 2021). Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the presence of this behavior in sheep, social species that have been affected by human management in a great extend but still appear to maintain the fundamental social structure dictated by natural selection.…”