Thirdhand cigarette smoke in an experimental chamber: evidence of surface deposition of nicotine, nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and de novo formation of NNK

Schick, Suzaynn F.; Farraro, Kathryn F.; Perrino, Charles; Sleiman, Mohamad; Vossenberg, Glenn van de; Trinh, Michael; Hammond, S. Katharine; Jenkins, Bryan M.; Balmes, John R.

doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050915

Cited by 88 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Table 1 shows the 19 original items and answer choices. THS health impact items were used to ask about general health impact of THS on children [6, 11, 17] and adults [4, 23] as well as cancer specifically [24, 25] with three items. Three items pertaining to THS persistence included days, weeks, and months separately [7, 20].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a scale assessing Beliefs About ThirdHand Smoke (BATHS)

Haardörfer¹,

Berg²,

Escoffery³

et al. 2017

Tob. Induced Dis.

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BackgroundSimilarly to secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS) beliefs may be correlated with smoking behaviors and smokefree policies in the home. Thus, there is a need to develop and validate measures to assess beliefs about THS.MethodsA list of 19 items related to THS were generated by an expert panel and tested in a pilot study. Based on results from an exploratory factor analysis, two factors emerged: THS persistence in the environment and THS impact on health. The scale was reduced to nine items, which showed no differential item functioning by smoking status or smoking ban status in the home. The nine items and the two factor structure were tested in a validation sample from a smoke-free homes intervention that included THS educational materials.ResultsThe 9-item scale showed excellent internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit for the two factor solution in a low-income population. Tests of construct validity indicated differences due to exposure to the smoke-free homes intervention, by smoking status, whether participants own or rent their home, and smoking ban status in the home.ConclusionsThe BATHS scale offers researchers a valid and reliable tool to assess THS beliefs.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12971-017-0112-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a scale assessing Beliefs About ThirdHand Smoke (BATHS)

Haardörfer¹,

Berg²,

Escoffery³

et al. 2017

Tob. Induced Dis.

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“…The chronic THS sample papers were exposed to cigarette smoke (SS + MS) for 258 h over 192 days, leading to an estimated THS loading of 3 μ g·cm −2 . 60 The acute and chronic paper substrates were then extracted in cell culture medium. Twenty-four hour exposure of human HepG2 cells to samples either acutely exposed or chronically exposed to THS resulted in significant increases in DNA strand breaks in the alkaline Comet assay 66 (Figure 3).…”

Section: Progress and New Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an experimental chamber designed for exposures to cigarette smoke, 60 terry cloth was exposed to cigarette smoke over a period of 16 months. The surface loading of THS on the terrycloth was 1.2 μ g·cm –2 .…”

Section: Progress and New Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Thirdhand Smoke: New Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions

Jacob

Benowitz

Destaillats

et al. 2016

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

202

262

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Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the contamination that persists after secondhand tobacco smoke has been emitted into air. It refers to the tobacco-related gases and particles that become embedded in materials, such as the carpet, walls, furniture, blankets, and toys. THS is not strictly smoke, but chemicals that adhere to surfaces from which they can be released back into the air, undergo chemical transformations and/or accumulate. Currently, the hazards of THS are not as well documented as the hazards of secondhand smoke (SHS). In this Perspective, we describe the distribution and chemical changes that occur as SHS is transformed into THS, studies of environmental contamination by THS, human exposure studies, toxicology studies using animal models and in vitro systems, possible approaches for avoiding exposure, remediation of THS contamination, and priorities for further research.

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“…Many nitrosamines are natural components of cigarette smoke 56 , and when they are present in THS it is difficult to determine their precise origin, whether already existing in the cigarette smoke or formed through reactions with nicotine. Approximately 80% of nitrosamines are deposited on the surfaces of environments and are not removed by normal ventilation 58 . NNK has been found on the surfaces of nearly all homes and cars of smokers, but is found only occasionally in nonsmokers' homes 59 .…”

Section: Ths Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was also a positive correlation between PAH levels in the living room (where the smoker smoked) and the bedroom of a non-smoking resident, showing that these substances can be transported to environments in which smoking is not permitted 47 . Approximately 60% of the PAHs present in cigarette smoke are deposited on surfaces in the environments 58 .…”

Section: Ths Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%