Thirteen Pear Species and Cultivars Evaluated for Resistance to Cacopsylla pyri (Homoptera: Psyllidae)

Abstract

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Genetic mapping of Cacopsylla pyri resistance in an interspecific pear (Pyrus spp.) population

“…Multiple protocols have been developed previously for phenotyping antibiosis to psylla (Berrada et al 1995;Pasqualini et al 2006;Bell 2013a, b), but none of them was suitable for the purpose of assessing resistance in a large segregating population. The logistical and reproducible challenges were exacerbated by the necessity of a strict phenological synchronization between the plant and the pest and the creation of an environment with optimal growing conditions for both of them.…”

“…Interspecific hybrid PEAR3 (P. × bretschneideri 'Xuehuali' 1 × P. communis 'Max Red Bartlett') was crossed with the European cultivar 'Moonglow' to develop a segregating population for QTL mapping. PEAR3 was previously proven to be moderately resistant to psylla (unpublished data), while 'Moonglow' was reported as moderately to highly susceptible (Bell 1984;Berrada et al 1995). In a mono-varietal pear orchard, the insect is closer to a no-choice situation (Pasqualini et al 2006).…”

“…However, the insect has developed resistance to a great number of them (Harries and Burts 1965;Buès et al 2003;Civolani et al 2007), while biological control strategies based on the use of natural enemies are not sufficient to prevent the damage (Berrada et al 1995). Therefore, development of new pear cultivars with durable resistance is an effective and sustainable strategy for psylla control.…”

Susceptibility of European pear germplasm to Cacopsylla pyri under Mediterranean climatic conditions

“…Since the 1980s the creation of new pear cultivars with resistance to psylla has been included as an important objective in some European pear breeding programs (Italy: DCA-BO, ISF-Forlì, DISPAA-FI; France: INRA; Romania: RIFG -Pitesti-Maracineni; see references for definition of abbreviations) (Rivalta and Dradi, 1998;Bellini et al, 2000;Musacchi et al, 2005;Lespinasse et al, 2008); unfortunately the rapid transfer of resistance into cultivars with Pyrus communis type fruit is limited by the negative fruit characteristics (small size and/or gritty and course texture) of both East Asian pear species (P. ussuriensis, P. pyrifolia, P. longipes, P. serotina or P. betulaefolia) and interspecific hybrids between P. communis and P. ussuriensis, although these last have shown high levels of resistance to C. pyri (Braniste et al, 1994;Berrada et al, 1995;Bellini and Nin, 2002;Robert et al, 2004;Nin et al, 2012). The transfer of resistance to C. pyri by interspecific crosses between the European pear species P. communis and Asian pear species such as P. ussuriensis and P. serotina followed by modified backcross to part of the progeny was demonstrated to be possible (Pasqualini et al, 2006), but it occurs gradually and it is probably controlled by several genes.…”

“…Most of these studies were based on field observations (Benedek et al, 2010;Berrada et al, 1995;Bouvier et al, 2011;Braniste et al, 1994;Briolini et al, 1989;Quarta and Puggioni, 1985;Robert et al, 1999;Robert and Raimbault, 2005;Sestras et al, 2009;Stamenković et al, 1994;Szabó et al, 2010), while only few studies were made by the introduction of psylla nymphs or adults in a mesh covered tunnel containing the pear plants (Baldassarri et al, 1996;Pasqualini et al, 2006;Robert et al, 2004). On the contrary, nearly all studies performed in USA on C. pyricola resistance were carried out in the laboratory by rearing psylla nymphs on plant material (Bell, 1984(Bell, , 1992(Bell, , 2003(Bell, , 2013Bell and Stuart, 1990;Berrada et al, 1995;Butt et al, 1988Butt et al, , 1989Puterka et al, 1993;Quamme, 1984). Except for 3 cultivars of French origin and the Italian 'Spina Carpi', most of these genotypes are ancient local varieties from Hungary, former Yugoslavia and Romania.…”