Thoracic radiography of healthy captive male and female Squirrel monkey (Saimiri spp.)

Houdellier, Blandine; Liekens, Veronique; Smets, Pascale; Bouts, Tim; Saunders, Jimmy

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201646

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In addition, VHS has been measured in other NHP species by using this same method. 7,14,15,19,20,22,25,26,32,34 The reference intervals obtained in our current study closely resemble those for VHS in other NHP species, including owl monkeys (Aotus spp.) common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps), goeldi monkeys (Callimico goeldii), tufted capuchins (Cebus apella), African green vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus), howler monkeys (Aloutta guariba clamitans), Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Vertebral Heart Score in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): Generating Normal Reference Intervals and Assessing its Validity for Identifying Cardiac Disease

Williams¹,

Ueda²,

Stern³

et al. 2020

j am assoc lab anim sci

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Vertebral heart scoring (VHS) is a semiquantitative method to assess the presence and severity of cardiomegaly by usingthoracic radiographs. VHS in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) has not been validated or used routinely in the clinical orresearch setting. We hypothesized that rhesus macaques with cardiac disease diagnosed by using echocardiography wouldhave higher VHS than animals without cardiac disease. A total of 150 rhesus macaques were enrolled in this study. All animalsunderwent echocardiography and thoracic radiography (right lateral [RL], dorsoventral [DV], and ventrodorsal [VD] views).According to echocardiography, 121 rhesus macaques had no cardiac disease and were used to establish reference intervalsfor VHS. The remaining 29 macaques had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 20) or other cardiac disease (n = 9). Resultsshowed that VHS of RL and VD views were significantly higher in macaques with any of the identified cardiac diseases andin the cardiac disease group that excluded hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. VHS of animals with HCM was not significantlydifferent than that of control animals. In the RL view, VHS was moderately accurate for predicting the presence of cardiacdisease, with an AUC of 0.71 and an optimal cut-off value of 10.25 (sensitivity: 62%, specificity: 77%). In the VD view, VHSwas a mildly accurate test for cardiac disease, with an AUC of 0.654 and an optimal cut-off value of 10.65 (sensitivity, 66%;specificity, 63%). Study results indicated that VHS could be a useful screening tool for clinically identifying rhesus macaqueswith cardiac disease. However, VHS is unlikely to replace echocardiographic examination for determining the presence, type,and severity of cardiac disease in this species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…VHS has been established and shown to be useful in determining the presence and severity of cardiac disease in various species, including some NHP. 4,9,11,14,15,[19][20][21][22][23][25][26][27]29,32,34 However, to our knowledge, no study of VHS in rhesus macaques has been published.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertebral Heart Score in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): Generating Normal Reference Intervals and Assessing its Validity for Identifying Cardiac Disease

Williams¹,

Ueda²,

Stern³

et al. 2020

j am assoc lab anim sci

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show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

“…In monkeys, we expect tendencies toward negative correlation between body size and CTR. The CTRs of monkeys with lower body weights, such as squirrel monkeys and cynomolgus macaques, were larger than the mean CTR of Japanese macaques in this study 23,26 . The CTR of Celebes macaques and Formosan macaques, which are similar in body weights to Japanese macaques, are also similar 25 .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

“…To the best of our knowledge, only few CTR-related studies in the literature have been reported in monkeys, such as rhesus macaques 2 , cynomolgus macaques 22,23 , Formosan macaques 24 , Tonkean macaques 25 , Celebes macaques 25 , squirrel monkeys 26 , and vervet monkeys 27 . Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on CTR in Japanese macaques.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The effect of different body positions on the cardiothoracic ratios obtained by chest radiography in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Sawada

Kaneko

Morimoto

et al. 2022

J of Medical Primatology

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Background Although some studies have reported cardiac diseases in macaques, an adequate screening method for cardiac enlargement has not yet been established. This study aimed to evaluate the positioning of macaques for radiographs and establish reference intervals for the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR). Materials and Methods We developed a device for chest radiography in the sitting position and performed chest radiography in 50 Japanese and 48 rhesus macaques to evaluate the CTR and chest cavity size. Results In Japanese and rhesus macaques, the thorax height was significantly larger, the heart width was significantly smaller, and the mean CTR was significantly smaller in the sitting position than in the prone position. The reference intervals for CTR in the sitting position were 51.6 ± 4.6% and 52.2 ± 5.1% in Japanese and rhesus macaques, respectively. Conclusion Thoracic radiographic images obtained in a sitting position resulted in a smaller CTR and a larger thorax height, which could be useful for detecting pulmonary and cardiac abnormalities.

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Transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in healthy captive male and female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.)

et al. 2020

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Background Echocardiography is the most frequently used non -invasive diagnostic tool to evaluate cardiac anatomy and function in domestic species but increasingly also in non -domestic species, especially since cardiac disease is being recognized as an important cause of death in captive primates. The purpose of this cross -sectional study was to investigate the feasibility of transthoracic echocardiography in healthy squirrel monkeys as well as to provide species specific normal values for standard echocardiographic measurements. A secondary aim was to determine plasma and serum levels of the cardiac biomarkers, N -terminal pro -brain natriuretic peptide (NT -proBNP) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT). Furthermore, a commercial, non -invasive, smartphone -based ECG (AliveCor Vet TM) monitoring device was used to evaluate the heart rate and rhythm and to diagnose possible arrhythmias. Results In this study, transthoracic echocardiography of 14 squirrel monkeys was performed in right and left lateral recumbency. Similar standard right parasternal and left apical images were obtained as in dogs and cats and normal values for routine two -dimensional, time motion mode and Doppler mode measurements were generated. Thirteen animals were considered healthy and one squirrel monkey was identified with significant aortic dilation and regurgitation and consequently values obtained from this animal were not used when species specific normal values were calculated. NT -ProBNP and cTnT concentrations were available for 7 of the 13 healthy monkeys with NT -proBNP concentrations below detection limit in all animals and a mean cTnT concentration of 0.049 ng/mL. Electrocardiography was performed in all squirrel monkeys. The mean heart rate was 172 bpm. Frequent supraventricular premature beats were diagnosed in the squirrel monkey suffering from significant aortic dilation and regurgitation. Conclusion This study presents echocardiographic normal values and additional cardiovascular data in anaesthetised Saimiri monkeys, fundamental from both the perspective of zoo animal health care as well as scientific research, since the squirrel monkey is often used as an animal model for human disease.

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Thoracic radiography of healthy captive male and female Squirrel monkey (Saimiri spp.)

Cited by 5 publications

References 40 publications

Vertebral Heart Score in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): Generating Normal Reference Intervals and Assessing its Validity for Identifying Cardiac Disease

Vertebral Heart Score in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): Generating Normal Reference Intervals and Assessing its Validity for Identifying Cardiac Disease

The effect of different body positions on the cardiothoracic ratios obtained by chest radiography in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in healthy captive male and female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.)

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