Thousand cankers disease in Juglans: Optimizing sampling and identification procedures for the vector Pityophthorus juglandis, and the causal agent Geosmithia morbida

Moricca, Salvatore; Bracalini, Matteo; Benigno, Alessandra; Ghelardini, Luisa; Furtado, Edson Luiz; Marino, Celso Luís; Panzavolta, Tiziana

doi:10.1016/j.mex.2020.101174

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Our LAMP assays represent valuable tools for quickly gaging the presence of the P. juglandis beetle/GM pathogen complex, which is moving eastward in North America and into Eurasia [ 12 , 42 , 43 ]. On the European and Asian continents this disease complex, in addition to devastating plantations of the widespread J. nigra , could cause the decline of J. regia throughout its vast native range, both in urban and orchard landscapes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The investigation was performed on a J. nigra plantation (43°46′ N, 11°25′ E, about 115 m above sea level) in the province of Florence (Tuscany, Italy), where an outbreak of this insect/fungal disease complex had previously occurred [ 42 , 43 ]. In April 2018, 24 symptomatic samples (small branches, about 26 cm in diameter) were randomly collected from walnut trees throughout the plantation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid Detection of Pityophthorus juglandis (Blackman) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Method

Rizzo

Moricca

Bracalini

et al. 2021

Plants

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The walnut twig beetle Pityophthorus juglandis is a phloem-boring bark beetle responsible, in association with the ascomycete Geosmithia morbida, for the Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) of walnut trees. The recent finding of TCD in Europe prompted the development of effective diagnostic protocols for the early detection of members of this insect/fungus complex. Here we report the development of a highly efficient, low-cost, and rapid method for detecting the beetle, or even just its biological traces, from environmental samples: the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. The method, designed on the 28S ribosomal RNA gene, showed high specificity and sensitivity, with no cross reactivity to other bark beetles and wood-boring insects. The test was successful even with very small amounts of the target insect’s nucleic acid, with limit values of 0.64 pg/µL and 3.2 pg/µL for WTB adults and frass, respectively. A comparison of the method (both in real time and visual) with conventional PCR did not display significant differences in terms of LoD. This LAMP protocol will enable quick, low-cost, and early detection of P. juglandis in areas with new infestations and for phytosanitary inspections at vulnerable sites (e.g., seaports, airports, loading stations, storage facilities, and wood processing companies).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Detection of Pityophthorus juglandis (Blackman) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Method

Rizzo

Moricca

Bracalini

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…GM has proven itself to be a thermotolerant fungus, with an optimal growth temperature of around 31 °C, although it is reported to survive up to 41 °C [ 8 ]. It also maintains its viability when inoculated on wheat seeds exposed to 48 °C [ 8 ]; however, Moricca et al [ 16 ] observed a cessation of growth beyond 35 °C in the lab.…”

Section: The Pathogen Geosmithia Morbidamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pityophthorus juglandis entrance/emergence holes (1 mm diameter) are visible on the bark of infested branches, in some cases surrounded by a dark amber stain. Internal symptoms include extensive cankering around the beetle galleries [ 6 , 8 , 16 , 18 ]. These are often limited to the phloem and the bark, not extending to the inner cambium.…”

Section: Symptomatologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Thousand Cankers Disease in Walnut Trees in Europe: Current Status and Management

et al. 2023

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Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is a new deadly disease in walnut trees (Juglans spp.), which is plaguing commercial plantations, natural groves, and ornamental black walnut trees (Juglans nigra) in their native and invasion areas in the US and, more recently, in artificial plantations and amenity trees in the newly-invaded areas in Europe (Italy). This insect/fungus complex arises from the intense trophic activity of the bark beetle vector Pityophthorus juglandis in the phloem of Juglans spp. and the subsequent development of multiple Geosmithia morbida cankers around beetles’ entry/exit holes. After an analysis of the main biological and ecological traits of both members of this insect/fungus complex, this review explores the options available for TCD prevention and management. Special focus is given to those diagnostic tools developed for disease detection, surveillance, and monitoring, as well as to existing phytosanitary regulations, protocols, and measures that comply with TCD eradication and containment. Only integrated disease management can effectively curtail the pervasive spread of TCD, thus limiting the damage to natural ecosystems, plantations, and ornamental walnuts.

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“…A first, unavoidable issue, especially when dealing with alien parasites which, as such, are also little known, is to identify them accurately and unambiguously [1]. Accurate and timely diagnosis is furthermore of paramount importance for the subsequent implementation of effective disease and pest management, since it allows us to have a better understanding of the parasite's potential impact on woodland ecosystems.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Monitoring, Assessment and Management of Forest Pathogens and Pests

Moricca

Panzavolta

2021

Forests

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Tree pathogens and pests are fundamental components of forest ecosystems. By killing and decomposing susceptible trees, they regulate the cycle of nutrients and energy flow, thus shaping the structure and composition of forest stands. However, ecosystems can be seriously disrupted when the population density of these parasites increases beyond their tolerance level. Ascertaining the origin of pathogen and pest outbreaks, recognizing their causal agents in a precise and unequivocal way, while understanding their reproductive and dispersive dynamics are all crucial for the implementation of effective control measures. The studies collected in this special issue cover a wide range of topics in the field of forest pathology and entomology. Investigations range from molecular diagnosis of pathogens and pests to their monitoring and quantification in the field, from measurements of their proliferation rate to the analysis of their genetic variability, from the assessment of the role of plant diversity and ecosystem heterogeneity on pathogen and pest impacts to disease and pest management. Specific case studies show how applied research conducted with innovative methods is key to solving taxonomic issues that were, until now, controversial. The variety of experimental approaches and the range of scientific issues addressed document the trends and topicality of modern forest health protection science.

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Thousand cankers disease in Juglans: Optimizing sampling and identification procedures for the vector Pityophthorus juglandis, and the causal agent Geosmithia morbida

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Rapid Detection of Pityophthorus juglandis (Blackman) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Method

Rapid Detection of Pityophthorus juglandis (Blackman) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Method

Thousand Cankers Disease in Walnut Trees in Europe: Current Status and Management

Recent Advances in the Monitoring, Assessment and Management of Forest Pathogens and Pests

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