“…Apremilast blocks phosphodiesterase-4, which regulates immune and inflammatory process through modification of the levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase A, and various inflammatory cytokine production. To date, only a few cases have been reported on apremilast therapy for PAO or SAPHO syndrome (Adamo et al, 2018;Eto, Nakao, & Furue, 2019;Takama et al, 2019).…”