Three‐dimensionai temperature and current distribution in a battery module

Verbrugge, Mark W.

doi:10.1002/aic.690410619

Cited by 76 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Verbrugge 29 presented a three-dimensional ͑3D͒ thermal model of a solid lithium/polymer electrolyte/vanadium oxide prismatic battery pack. In this model, he assumed that the local current flow can be calculated using the following relationship for the electrolyte ionic conductivity…”

Section: Thermal Effects In Lithium-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Bandhauer

Garimella

Fuller

2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

1,700

915

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Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for fully electric and hybrid electric vehicles due to their high specific energy and energy density relative to other rechargeable cell chemistries. However, these batteries have not been widely deployed commercially in these vehicles yet due to safety, cost, and poor low temperature performance, which are all challenges related to battery thermal management. In this paper, a critical review of the available literature on the major thermal issues for lithium-ion batteries is presented. Specific attention is paid to the effects of temperature and thermal management on capacity/power fade, thermal runaway, and pack electrical imbalance and to the performance of lithium-ion cells at cold temperatures. Furthermore, insights gained from previous experimental and modeling investigations are elucidated. These include the need for more accurate heat generation measurements, improved modeling of the heat generation rate, and clarity in the relative magnitudes of the various thermal effects observed at high charge and discharge rates seen in electric vehicle applications. From an analysis of the literature, the requirements for lithium-ion thermal management systems for optimal performance in these applications are suggested, and it is clear that no existing thermal management strategy or technology meets all these requirements. Thomas-Alyea (kethomas@alumni.princeton.edu) and Kandler Smith (kandler.smith@gmail.com). This article was reviewed by KarenElectric and hybrid electric vehicles ͑EV and HEV͒ may present the best near-term solution for the transportation sector to reduce our dependence on petroleum and to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for these vehicles because they have, among other things, high specific energy and energy density relative to other cell chemistries. For example, practical nickel-metal hydride ͑NiMH͒ batteries, which have dominated the HEV market, have a nominal specific energy and energy density of 75 Wh/kg and 240 Wh/L, respectively. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries can achieve 150 Wh/kg and 400 Wh/L, 1 i.e., nearly 2 times the specific energy and energy density.Whereas lithium-ion batteries are rapidly displacing NiMH and nickel-cadmium secondary batteries for portable and hand-held devices, they have not yet been widely introduced in automotive products. The main barriers to the deployment of large fleets of vehicles on public roads equipped with lithium-ion batteries continue to be safety, cost ͑related to cycle and calendar life͒, and low temperature performance 2 -all challenges that are coupled to thermal effects in the battery. Since the recent introduction of HEV fleets, the industry trend is toward larger batteries required for plug-in hybrids, extended-range hybrids, and all-electric vehicles. These larger battery designs impose greater pressure to lower costs and improve safety.Furthermore, most of the research on these types of batteries has been related to fin...

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Section: Thermal Effects In Lithium-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Bandhauer

Garimella

Fuller

2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

1,700

915

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“…At the start of discharge (i.e., ϭ 0), Eq. 15 can be expressed in dimensional form as [25] In this limit the electrochemical capacitor behaves as if the separator resistance is in series with two parallel resistors, one for the matrix and the other for the solution. 8 Since the current takes the path of least resistance, the voltage drop across the parallel resistors is dictated by the resistance of the most conductive path.…”

Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Capacitors

Srinivasan

Weidner

1999

J. Electrochem. Soc.

146

153

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Analytic solutions to the mathematical model of an electrochemical capacitor (EC) are used to study cell performance under two types of operating conditions: (i) constant current and (ii) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The analytic solution under constant‐current operation is used to investigate the relative importance of ionic resistance in the separator, and ionic and electronic resistances in the porous electrode in the design and operation of an EC. Model results are presented that show the trade‐off between energy and power density, as the physical properties of the cell components are varied (e.g., electrode thickness). The analytic solution is also used to study the effect of cell design and operation on the heat generation during constant‐current cycling. The impedance model is presented as an alternative to equivalent‐circuit models for data analysis. The analytic solution can be used to gain a physical understanding of the various processes that occur in an EC. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

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“…Also the interface conditions have not been derived. Fully coupled models have been considered for battery stacks [17] and other types of batteries (see e.g. [18,19]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic consistent transport theory of Li-ion batteries

Latz

Zausch

2011

Journal of Power Sources

188

220

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Most Li ion insertion batteries consist of a porous cathode, a separator filled with electrolyte and an anode, which very often also has some porous structure. The solid part especially in the cathode is usually produced by mixing a powder of the actual active particles, in which Li ions will be intercalated, binder and carbon black to enhance the electronic conductivity of the electrode. As a result the porous structure of the electrodes is very complex, leading to complex potential, ion and temperature distributions within the electrodes. The intercalation and deintercalation of ions cannot be expected to be homogeneously distributed over the electrode due to the different transport properties of electrolyte and active particles in the electrode and the complex three-dimensional pore structure of the electrode. The influence of the final microstructure on the distribution of temperature, electric potential and ions within the electrodes is not known in detail, but may influence strongly the onset of degradation mechanisms. For being able to numerically simulate the transport phenomena, the equations and interface conditions for ion, charge and heat transport within the complex structure of the electrodes and through the electrolyte filled separator are needed. We will present a rigorous derivation of these equations based exclusively on general principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The theory is thermodynamically consistent i.e. it guarantees strictly positive entropy production. The irreversible and reversible sources of heat are derived within the theory. Especially the various contribution to the Peltier heat due to the intercalation of ions are obtained as a result of the theory

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Three‐dimensionai temperature and current distribution in a battery module

Cited by 76 publications

References 36 publications

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Capacitors

Thermodynamic consistent transport theory of Li-ion batteries

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