Three-dimensional activated graphene network–sulfonate-terminated polymer nanocomposite as a new electrode material for the sensitive determination of dopamine and heavy metal ions

Abstract

We report here that three-dimensional activated graphene networks (3DAGNs) are a better matrix to prepare graphene-polymer nanocomposites for sensitive electroanalysis than two-dimensional graphene nanosheets (2DGNs). 3DAGNs were synthesized in advance by the direct carbonization and simultaneous chemical activation of a cobalt ion-impregnated D113-type ion exchange resin, which showed an interconnected network structure and a large specific surface area. Then, the 3DAGN-sulfonate-terminated polymer (STP) nanocomposite was prepared via the in situ chemical co-polymerization of m-aminobenzene sulfonic acid and aniline in the presence of 3DAGNs. The 3DAGN-STP nanocomposite can adsorb dopamine (DA) and heavy metal ions, which was confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance studies. The 3DAGN-STP modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used for the electrochemical detection of DA in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid, with a linear response range of 0.1-32 μM and a limit of detection of 10 nM. In addition, differential pulse voltammetry was used for the simultaneous determination of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) at the 3DAGN-STP/GCE further modified with a bismuth film, exhibiting linear response ranges of 1-70 μg L(-1) for Cd(2+) and 1-80 μg L(-1) for Pb(2+) with limits of detection of 0.1 μg L(-1) for Cd(2+) and 0.2 μg L(-1) for Pb(2+). Because the 3DAGN-STP can integrate the advantages of 3DAGNs with STPs, the 3DAGN-STP/GCE was more sensitive than the bare GCE, 3DAGN/GCE, and 2DGN-STP/GCE for the determination of DA and heavy metal ions.

Co-, N-, and S-Tridoped Carbon Derived from Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Enriched Polymer and Cobalt Salt for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

“…Herein, the CoNS–C catalyst was prepared with N- and S-enriched PABS as the precursor and SiO 2 nanoparticles as the template. First, PABS was synthesized by polymerization of ABS monomer with ammonium persulfate as an oxidant and aniline as an initiator. , Then, the as-prepared PABS-coated SiO 2 nanoparticles was mixed with Co­(NO 3 ) 2 , followed by N 2 -protected heat treatment. Finally, the product was leached in HF aqueous solution to remove SiO 2 template and any unstable and HER-nonreactive phases.…”

Voltammetric determination of metal ions beyond mercury electrodes. A review

“…Polyaniline is also considered by Wang et al [190] in the fabrication of a sensor to determine Cd(II) and Pb(II) by modifying a GCE via multipulse potentiostatic electropolymerization. In these works [187][188][189][190] the formation of an in situ bismuth film is considered as an additional modification. In [191] conducting polymers is described in [193], in which poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-sodium dodecyl sulfate is polymerized on the GC surface by electro-cycling scans.…”

Study on the Adsorption Properties of D113 Cation Exchange Resin for Zn2+

“…D113 resin is a kind of macroporous weak acid acrylic acid cation exchange one as an adsorbent to remove some harmful ingredients, such as ammonium-nitrogen [11], copper [12], etc. [13], and as a catalyst to synthesize three-dimensional activated graphene network [14], polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers [15], etc. Moreover, D113 resin is usually applied in the field of materials preparation [16,17].…”