Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Child Cleft Face

Abstract

Objective This study examined the facial surfaces of cleft children and unaffected children aged 8–11 years with the aim of identifying and assessing differences in their facial surface morphology. The investigation was carried out using an Optical Surface Scanner, an instrument that utilizes laser light to construct and archive a three-dimensional image of the face suitable for linear measurement and direct surface comparisons. Design, Setting, and Patients Thirty-nine cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients and 25 unaffected subjects were voluntarily recruited from two southeast England hospitals. A range of linear facial measurements was compared. Three-dimensional differences between the cleft subgroups and the control group were visualized by superimposition of averaged cleft scans over the averaged control group images. Results Statistically significant dimensional differences (p ≤ .05) in interocular width, nose base widths, mouth widths, and nose base/mouth width ratios were found between the cleft group and the control group. Qualitative differences over the whole of the face were readily demonstrated between the groups by superimposition. Face width and submandibular area depth differed consistently between the groups, the cleft face appearing narrower with a deeper submandibular area. Conclusion Significant differences exist between the facial surface morphology of CLP patients and control subjects.

Implementing a Superimposition and Measurement Model for 3D Sagittal Analysis of Therapy-induced Changes in Facial Soft Tissue: a Pilot Study

“…The middle of the eye axis and superimposition point 5 were located near these points of rotation. Many authors used the eye superimposition points 1, 2 (right and left exocanthion) and 3, 4 (right and left endocanthion) [12,16,17,36,40,55] as soft tissue reference points that are easy to determine and highly reproducible for CLPs as well [8,51,52]. The forehead axis with superimposition points 6 and 7 were in an area in which (according to the Bolton standards [2]) a 0.50-1 mm increase in nasion-sella line and a forward displacement of the frontal bone can be expected with normal growth in children between ages 4 and 5.…”

“…18,36,40,55] als gut bestimmbare und hoch reproduzierbare Weichteilreferenzpunkte verwendet, auch bei LKG-Spalten[8,51,52]. Die Stirnachse mit den Überlagerungspunkten 6 und 7 befand sich in einem Bereich, in dem nach den BoltonStandards[2] unter normalem Wachstum zwischen dem 5. und 6.…”

3D Soft Tissue Changes in Facial Morphology in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate and Class III Mal occlusion under Therapy with Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Delaire Facemask

“…The mean rapiebedingten Untersuchungen der Weichgewebeverände-rungen im Fachbereich der Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtschirurgie [17,18]. Ebenfalls existieren in der Literatur [1,2,11,14,22,29,42,43,53] zahlreiche Analysen der Gesichtsmorphologie von LKG-Spalten mit unterschiedlichen 3D-Verfahren. Obwohl einige 3D-Studien über die statischen Gesichtsmorphologieveränderungen von erwachsenen Patienten mit LKGSpalte nach skelettverlagernden chirurgischen Eingriffen durchgeführt worden sind [32,35] age of all the children at the start of the study (T1) was 5.3 (4.1-6.4) years.…”

“…Using the technique of stereophotogrammetry, however, treatmentrelated studies on soft tissue changes have concentrated on the specialized field of oral and maxillofacial surgery [17,18]. There are numerous analyses of the facial morphology of cleft lip and palates using different 3D techniques in the literature [1,2,11,14,22,29,42,43,53]. Although there have been a few Einleitung Das Verhalten der fazialen Weichteile im Rahmen einer kieferorthopädischen Behandlung ist Gegenstand vieler Untersuchungen [19].…”

Integration of a maxillary model into facial surface stereophotogrammetry

“…Zu nennen sind die faziale Morphometrie [18,19,20], die 3D-Ultrasonographie [27], die Moiré-Streifen-Fotographie [32], das 3D-Video-Imaging-System [44], die Flüssigkeitskristallentfernungs-messung [52,53], das Oberflächen-Scanner-System [11,12,15,22,23,24] und die Stereofotogrammetrie [34,36].…”