Three-dimensional atomic force microscopy mapping at the solid-liquid interface with fast and flexible data acquisition

Söngen, Hagen; Nalbach, Martin; Adam, Holger; Kühnle, Angelika

doi:10.1063/1.4952954

Cited by 27 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The graphite (0001) surface (PLANO GmbH, Germany) was freshly cleaved with adhesive tape in air and cleaned under a nitrogen flow prior to the measurement. All AFM measurements were performed in pure water (Millipore GmbH, Germany) with a custom 3D AFM in the frequency-modulation mode [42][43][44]. An O-ring was used to prevent water evaporation.…”

Section: Appendix A: 3d Afm Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydration layers at the graphite-water interface: Attraction or confinement

et al. 2019

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Water molecules at solid surfaces typically arrange in layers. The physical origin of the hydration layers is usually explained by two different reasons: (1) the attraction between the surface and water and (2) the water confinement due to the surface. While the attraction is specific to the particular solid, the confinement is a general property of surfaces; a differentiation between the two effects is, therefore, critical for research on interactions at aqueous interfaces. Here, we investigate the graphite-water interface, which is a widely used model system where the solid-water attraction is often considered to be negligible. Similar to previous studies, we observe hydration layers using three-dimensional atomic force microscopy at the graphite-water interface. We explain why the confinement could cause the formation of hydration layers even in the absence of attraction between surface and water by employing Monte Carlo simulations. Using additional molecular dynamics simulations, we continue to show that at ambient conditions, however, the confinement alone does not cause the formation of layers at the graphite-water interface. We thereby demonstrate that there is a significant graphite-water attraction.

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Section: Appendix A: 3d Afm Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydration layers at the graphite-water interface: Attraction or confinement

et al. 2019

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“…As mentioned above, detailed AFM studies of dissolving calcite have made critical advances in quantifying the dynamics of surface features at or close to the atomic scale [26,27], and have focused largely on step movement. The AFM studies conducted in situ have easily detailed the anisotropy in step velocities, quantifying the variation of crystallographically inequivalent "obtuse" 441 + , 481 + and "acute" 441 − , 481 − steps as a function of saturation state, impurity burden, pH, ionic strength, and other controls (work reviewed in ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Evolution of Calcite Surface Dissolution Kinetics

et al. 2018

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Abstract:This brief paper presents a rare dataset: a set of quantitative, topographic measurements of a dissolving calcite crystal over a relatively large and fixed field of view (~400 µm 2 ) and long total reaction time (> 6 h). Using a vertical scanning interferometer and patented fluid flow cell, surface height maps of a dissolving calcite crystal were produced by periodically and repetitively removing reactant fluid, rapidly acquiring a height dataset, and returning the sample to a wetted, reacting state. These reaction-measurement cycles were accomplished without changing the crystal surface position relative to the instrument's optic axis, with an approximate frequency of one data acquisition per six minutes' reaction (~10/h). In the standard fashion, computed differences in surface height over time yield a detailed velocity map of the retreating surface as a function of time. This dataset thus constitutes a near-continuous record of reaction, and can be used to both understand the relationship between changes in the overall dissolution rate of the surface and the morphology of the surface itself, particularly the relationship of (a) large, persistent features (e.g., etch pits related to screw dislocations; (b) small, short-lived features (e.g., so-called pancake pits probably related to point defects); (c) complex features that reflect organization on a large scale over a long period of time (i.e., coalescent "super" steps), to surface normal retreat and step wave formation. Although roughly similar in frequency of observation to an in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) fluid cell, this vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) method reveals details of the interaction of surface features over a significantly larger scale, yielding insight into the role of various components in terms of their contribution to the cumulative dissolution rate as a function of space and time.

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“…For the AFM experiments we used a modified commercial atomic force microscope [22] with custom photothermal cantilever excitation [23] and a custom three-dimensional scanning and data acquisition mode [24] in the frequency-modulation mode [25]. The quantities given in this work are labelled as introduced in [26].…”

Section: Atomic Force Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The acquisition time for each vertical slice (trace and retrace) of a 3D map was 10 s and the frequency of the (approach and retract) z-modulation was 10 Hz, corresponding to 50 approach and 50 retract curves per vertical slice. For typical operation parameters, we refer to our earlier work [5,24,26].…”

Section: Atomic Force Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional solvation structure of ethanol on carbonate minerals

Söngen¹,

Jaques²,

Spijker³

et al. 2020

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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Calcite and magnesite are important mineral constituents of the earth’s crust. In aqueous environments, these carbonates typically expose their most stable cleavage plane, the (10.4) surface. It is known that these surfaces interact with a large variety of organic molecules, which can result in surface restructuring. This process is decisive for the formation of biominerals. With the development of 3D atomic force microscopy (AFM) it is now possible to image solid–liquid interfaces with unprecedented molecular resolution. However, the majority of 3D AFM studies have been focused on the arrangement of water at carbonate surfaces. Here, we present an analysis of the assembly of ethanol – an organic molecule with a single hydroxy group – at the calcite and magnesite (10.4) surfaces by using high-resolution 3D AFM and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Within a single AFM data set we are able to resolve both the first laterally ordered solvation layer of ethanol on the calcite surface as well as the following solvation layers that show no lateral order. Our experimental results are in excellent agreement with MD simulations. The qualitative difference in the lateral order can be understood by the differing chemical environment: While the first layer adopts specific binding positions on the ionic carbonate surface, the second layer resides on top of the organic ethyl layer. A comparison of calcite and magnesite reveals a qualitatively similar ethanol arrangement on both carbonates, indicating the general nature of this finding.

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Three-dimensional atomic force microscopy mapping at the solid-liquid interface with fast and flexible data acquisition

Cited by 27 publications

References 32 publications

Hydration layers at the graphite-water interface: Attraction or confinement

Hydration layers at the graphite-water interface: Attraction or confinement

Temporal Evolution of Calcite Surface Dissolution Kinetics

Three-dimensional solvation structure of ethanol on carbonate minerals

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