nontoxic, abundant, and durable catalysts with high activity toward the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER, respectively) are preferred. [3] Electrode material and architecture play critical roles in electrocatalytic water splitting. [4] Electrochemical reactions occur at the electrode-electrolyte interface; therefore, electrochemical processes are interfacedependent. Typically, only a fraction of the exposed sites, namely the surface active sites, participates in the electrochemical charge transfer process (Scheme 1a). The electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) generated by the electrical double layer formed at the electrode-electrolyte interface features numerous inactive surface sites that do not participate in electrochemical charge transfer (electronation-deelectronation). Building 3D architectures with large ECSAs is a common method for increasing active surface sites and accelerating electrochemical water splitting (Scheme 1b). In particular, coreshell architectures are highly desirable for good electrode performance because they combine the distinct properties of the core and shell materials used to build multifunctional electrodes. [5] For example, core-shell electrodes with NiCo 2 S 4 (NCS) cores and various shell structures have been evaluated for electrocatalytic water splitting. [6] However, coreshell architectures lengthen the electron transport pathways and increase electrode mass and interfacial resistance, hindering the efficient electrode utilization. The increase in total mass results in lower mass activity, although the estimated electrochemical performance of the core-shell structure is superior to that of the core structure as a function of the geometric area of the electrodes. Hence, developing innovative electrode nano-architectures to increase the N A with higher mass activity is an important task for developing commercial electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Nano-roughening the outer surfaces of nanostructures is an advanced method for increasing N A . It has similar ECSAs compared to conventional core-shell structures, but a greater proportion of active sites and massive mass activity. The ECSAs of the structures in Scheme 1b,d are the same; however, the ratio of active to inactive sites of the structure in Scheme 1d is higher than that of the structure in Scheme 1b. This can be achieved using several approaches, such as top-down physical etching, controlled Electrocatalytic water splitting, which is an interface-dominated process, can be significantly accelerated by increasing the number of front-line surface active sites (N A ) of the electrocatalyst. In this study, a unique method is used for increasing the N A by converting the smooth ultrathin atomic-layer-deposited nanoshells of the electrocatalysts into nano-roughened active shell layers using a controlled anion-exchange reaction (AER). The coarse thin nanoshells present abundant surface active sites, which are generated owing to the inherent unit-cell volume mismatch induced during th...