Three-Dimensional Distribution of Platinum Group Minerals in Natural MSS-ISS Ores From the Norilsk One Deposit, Russia

Sittner, Jonathan; Brovchenko, V. D.; Siddique, Asim; Buyse, Florian; Boone, Matthieu; Renno, Axel D.; Cnudde, Veerle; Merkulova, Margarita; Sluzhenikin, Sergey F.

doi:10.3389/feart.2022.860751

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…A growing number of scientific studies have realised the advantages of CT for investigating the internal structure of rocks and ores in 3D. For example, CT has been successfully used to investigate the in-situ location of gold [10,13], and platin-groupmetal mineralisation [14,15], and their distribution within a sample or to assess the final product quality from Ti-Zr deposits [16]. However, the phases contained in the ore are not known before a measurement.…”

Section: Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of multispectral computed tomography for the characterisation of natural graphite

Krebbers¹,

Grozmani²,

Lottermoser³

et al. 2023

eJNDT

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The established mineralogical and chemical analysis methods for graphite ores require complex sample preparation. Moreover, they do not produce 3D images of the polymineralic rock structure and texture. The lack of 3D information can lead to an erroneous assessment of the quality-determining properties of graphite ores, such as graphite flake size (grain size), graphite flake size distribution, and impurities. Therefore, there is a need to obtain 3D information from graphite ores and concentrates. Industrial computed tomography (CT or single-spectrum CT) is a unique technique that enables the examination of rocks in the 3D regime. The challenge in CT analysis of ores is the different absorption properties of mineral phases present. Low X-ray tube generator voltages lead to pronounced artefacts (volume defects) if highly absorbing gangue phases (e.g. iron sulfides) are present. Therefore, high X-ray tube voltages must be applied. However, graphite and associated gangue minerals, as well as contained cracks and voids in the ore, can exhibit similar absorption properties at higher generator energies (above 120 kV). Multispectral CT (MSP-CT) measurements offer a minimisation of CT artefacts and an increase in grey value contrasts. This work investigates the application of the MSP-CT measurements, significantly improving mineral differentiation.

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Section: Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of multispectral computed tomography for the characterisation of natural graphite

Krebbers¹,

Grozmani²,

Lottermoser³

et al. 2023

eJNDT

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“…With advances in technology, it has become possible to use linear and two-dimensional energy dispersive detectors to solve spectral tomography problems [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. This approach makes it possible to directly obtain multichannel projection images of an object, where each channel corresponds to a particular wavelength range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal Analyzer Based Multispectral Microtomography Using CCD-Sensor

Grigoriev

Золотов

Ingacheva

et al. 2023

Sensors

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To solve the problems of spectral tomography, an X-ray optical scheme was proposed, using a crystal analyzer in Laue geometry between the sample and the detector, which allowed for the selection of predetermined pairs of wavelengths from the incident polychromatic radiation to obtain projection images. On a laboratory X-ray microtomography setup, an experiment was carried out for the first time where a mixture of micro-granules of sodium chloride NaCl, silver behenate AgC22H43O2, and lithium niobate LiNbO3 was used as a test sample to identify their spatial arrangement. The elements were chosen based on the presence of absorption edges in two of the elements in the energy range of the polychromatic spectrum of the probing radiation. The method of projection distortion correction was used to preprocess the obtained projections. To interpret the obtained reconstruction results, the segmentation method based on the analysis of joint histograms was used. This allowed us to identify each of the three substances. To compare the results obtained, additional “reference” tomographic measurements were performed: one in polychromatic and two in monochromatic (MoKα-, MoKβ-lines) modes. It took three times less time for the tomographic experiment with the crystal analyzer, while the reconstruction accuracy was comparable to that of the “reference” tomography.

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“…The ore-bearing intrusions of the Norilsk-Talnakh camp have the world's largest reserves of base metals and PGE (platinum group elements), making them a strategic resource for the future energy transition. Various studies have been carried out on specific deposits within this intrusive complex, resulting in the development of some genetic models [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], where physicochemical processes have played a key role in the formation of massive and disseminated ores. Interestingly, these models were primarily based on the spatial distribution of elements and minerals within the ore body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Te, As, Bi, and Sb in the Noble Metals (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag) and Microphases during Crystallization of a Cu-Fe-S Melt

Sinyakova,

Goryachev,

Kokh

et al. 2023

Minerals

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Quasi-equilibrium directional crystallization was performed on a melt composition (at. %): 18.50 Cu, 32.50 Fe, 48.73 S, 0.03 Pt, Pd, Ag, Au, Te, As, Bi, Sb, and Sn, which closely resembles the Cu-rich massive ores found in the platinum-copper-nickel deposits of Norilsk. Base metal sulfides (BMS) such as pyrrhotite solid solution (Fe,Cu)S1±δ (Poss), non-stoichiometric cubanite Cu1.1Fe1.9S3 (Cbn*), and intermediate solid solution Cu1.0Fe1.2S2.0 (Iss) are progressively precipitated from the melt during the crystallization process. The content of noble metals and semimetals in the structure of BMS is below the detection limit of SEM-EDS analysis. Only tin exhibits significant solubility in Cbn* and Iss, meanwhile Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, As, Bi, Sb, and Te are present as discrete composite inclusions, comprising up to 11 individual phases, within their matrices. These microphases correspond to native Au, native Bi, hessite Ag2Te, sperrylite Pt(As,S)2, hedleyite Bi2Te, michenerite PdTeBi, froodite PdBi2, a solid solution of sudburite-sobolevskite-kotulskite Pd(Sb, Bi)xTe1−x, geversite PtSb2, and a multicomponent solid solution based on geversite Me(TABS)2, where Me = Σ(Pt, Pd, Fe, Cu) and TABS = Σ(Te, As, Bi, Sb, Sn). Most of the inclusions occur as thin layers between BMS grain boundaries or appear drop-shaped and subhedral to isometric grains within the sulfide matrix. Only a small fraction of the trace elements form mineral inclusions of sizes ≤ 0.5 μm in Poss, most likely including PtAs2 and (Pt,Pd)S. It is likely that the simultaneous presence of noble metals (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag) and semimetals (As, Te, Bi, Sb) in the sulfide melt leads to the appearance of liquid droplets in the parent sulfide melt after pyrrhotite crystallization. The solidification of droplets during the early stages of Cbn* crystallization may occur simultaneously with the cooling of later fractions of the sulfide melt, resulting in the formation of Iss. In addition, abundant gas voids containing micro-inclusions were observed in Cbn* and Iss. These inclusions showed similar chemical and mineral compositions to those in BMS matrices, i.e., the presence of gas bubbles did not affect the main features of noble metal fractionation and evolution. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that ore particles suspended in the melt are either trapped by defects at the crystallization front or transported towards gas bubbles via the Marangoni effect.

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Three-Dimensional Distribution of Platinum Group Minerals in Natural MSS-ISS Ores From the Norilsk One Deposit, Russia

Cited by 6 publications

References 123 publications

Application of multispectral computed tomography for the characterisation of natural graphite

Application of multispectral computed tomography for the characterisation of natural graphite

Crystal Analyzer Based Multispectral Microtomography Using CCD-Sensor

The Role of Te, As, Bi, and Sb in the Noble Metals (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag) and Microphases during Crystallization of a Cu-Fe-S Melt

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