Three-dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Annular Dimension, Shape, and Dynamics in the Normal and Regurgitant Mitral Valve

Quantitative three dimensional echocardiography: Methodology, validation, and clinical applications

“…The traced points were converted to x,y,z coordinates and used to reconstruct the annulus with a Fourier technique (3). The analysis showed that in functional mitral regurgitation the annulus is larger, rounder, and flatter and its deformational changes during systole are reduced in magnitude, compared to normal (Fig.8) (5).…”