Three-dimensional effects of twin block therapy on pharyngeal airway parameters in Class II malocclusion patients

Evaluation of changes in the upper airway after Twin Block treatment in patients with Class II malocclusion

“…Similarly, the most important limitation of this study is that the main diagnostic method was lateral teleradiography of the skull, which provides a two‐dimensional (2D) representation, but the UA is a 3D space, limiting the accuracy of the technique because 2D images only show the anteroposterior dimension in the sagittal plane rather than a complete view (Abdelkarim, ; Elfeky & Fayed, ; Li et al, ). However, lateral teleradiography of the skull is commonly used in routine clinical practice due to its relative simplicity, accessibility, low cost, and low radiation exposure (Feng et al, ; Rojas, Corvalán, Messen, & Sandoval, ; Santamaria‐Villegas, Manrique‐Hernandez, Alvarez‐Varela, & Restrepo‐Serna, ).…”

“…However, lateral teleradiography of the skull is commonly used in routine clinical practice due to its relative simplicity, accessibility, low cost, and low radiation exposure (Feng et al, ; Rojas, Corvalán, Messen, & Sandoval, ; Santamaria‐Villegas, Manrique‐Hernandez, Alvarez‐Varela, & Restrepo‐Serna, ). Teleradiography remains a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluating the airways (Ali et al, ; Elfeky & Fayed, ; Ghodke et al, ; Jena et al, ; Pavoni et al, ) and can be used to predict OSA (Armalaite & Lopatiene, ). Furthermore, this method has been shown to provide reliable linear measurements and is a valid tool for measuring the dimensions of the nasopharyngeal and retropalatal regions.…”

“…The TB appliance is a functional device used for early treatment of children with Class II malocclusion that advances the jaw and stimulates jaw growth (Burhan & Nawaya, ; Clark, ; Sharma et al, ; Ysla et al, ). The appliance was developed by William J Clark in 1970 in Scotland and is currently one of the most common and popular functional appliances due to its effectiveness in correcting skeletal Class II malocclusion (Abdelkarim, ; Al‐Anezi, ; Brunharo et al, ; Burhan & Nawaya, ; Elfeky & Fayed, ; Ghodke et al, ; Li et al, ; Schaefer et al, ; Sharma et al, ; SuchitaTarvade et al, ; Verma et al, ; Zhang et al, ). The appliance is well accepted by patients and can produce rapid changes (Al‐Anezi, ; Elfeky & Fayed, ; Li et al, ; Li et al, ; Quintero & Mariaca, ; Zhang et al, ).…”

“…From a dental perspective, the upper airway (UA) has received increasing attention in orthodontics (Elfeky & Fayed, ; Li et al, ). The anatomy and function of the nasopharyngeal airways are directly associated with craniofacial development (Ali, Shaikh, & Fida, ; Pavoni, Lombardo, Franchi, Lione, & Cozza, ).…”

“…The use of functional appliances to correct mandibular retrognathia is very common among orthodontists and is increasingly recommended as a treatment option for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA; Abdelkarim, ; Ali et al, , ; Caridi & Galluccio, ; Elfeky & Fayed, ; Maspero et al, ; Zhang et al, ). Previous studies have reported improvements in UA dimensions after functional therapy (Elfeky & Fayed, ; Ghodke et al, ; Maspero et al, ; Pavoni et al, ), with Twin Block (TB) being one of the most common and popular functional appliances due to its effectiveness in correcting skeletal Class II malocclusion (Abdelkarim, ; Al‐Anezi, ; Brunharo, Quintão, Almeida, Motta, & Barreto, ; Burhan & Nawaya, ; Elfeky & Fayed, ; Ghodke et al, ; Li et al, ; Schaefer, McNamara, Franchi, & Baccetti, ; Sharma, Sachdev, Singla, & Kirtaniya, ; SuchitaTarvade, Yamyar, Choudhari, & Biday, ; Verma, Tandon, Nagar, Singh, & Singh, ; Zhang et al, ).…”