Three-dimensional facial morphometric assessment of soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery

Ferrario, Virgilio F.; Sforza, Chiarella; Schmitz, Johannes; Santoro, Franco

doi:10.1016/s1079-2104(99)70084-3

Cited by 78 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…15,19,20 However, the skeletal rotation of the maxilla coupled with maxillary advance- ment can increase the amount of nasal and nostril flaring because the bone structures of the base of the nose would move further forward compared to the dentition. Edema, anterior and superior spatial changes in the supportive bone of the nasal base, and the release of muscle and periodontium adjacent to the nose can also cause widening of the ala. 21,22 To reduce these effects, a modified cinch suture was performed in all subjects, with additional ANS contouring in patients with a larger amount of maxillary impaction and advancement to reduce the anterior movement of the supportive bone at the nasal base area. 3,11,23,24 Soft-tissue changes after mandibular set-back surgery alone appear to be limited to the mandibular area and mouth corner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Changes after Surgical Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Koreans

Chung

Lee

Park

et al. 2008

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To quantify the changes in the nose after bimaxillary surgery to correct skeletal Class III malocclusion and to test the hypothesis that there is no change in the nasal width following bimaxillary surgical correction of skeletal Class III when a nasal cinch is properly used. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five adult Korean skeletal Class III patients who had received maxillary advancement/impaction and mandibular set-back surgery in conjunction with an alar base cinch suture were evaluated. The anthropometric variables of the nasal region were measured directly on the soft-tissue surface before and 6 months after surgery. Results: After surgery, the alar width and alar base width had increased significantly (P Ͻ .001), while the nasal tip projection decreased (P Ͻ .001). The nostril morphology also showed widening (P Ͻ .001). There was a trend for females with a narrow alar width presurgically to have a larger amount of nasal widening compared with those with a broader alar width (P Ͻ .05). Conclusion:There is a high probability of nasal and nostril widening after bimaxillary surgery for skeletal Class III malocclusion in Koreans despite the careful performance of alar cinch suture. Nevertheless, the authors believe that alar cinch suture was positive in limiting the nasal widening to the minimum and would consider routine application during bimaxillary surgery for skeletal Class III especially for female patients with a narrow nose who are susceptible to these changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Changes after Surgical Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Koreans

Chung

Lee

Park

et al. 2008

The Angle Orthodontist

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“…First proposed for the analysis of two-dimensional (2D) cephalometric tracings, it has been applied to three-dimensional (3D) soft-tissue data (Ferrario et al, 1998c(Ferrario et al, , 1999b. Normal adult male and female 3D reference meshes have been previously reported (Ferrario et al, 1998c) and proposed for the assessment of the soft-tissue conditions of orthodontic and surgical patients who are increasingly being analyzed by 3D surface examinations (Ras et al, 1994;Ferrario et al, 1999b;Hennessy and Moss, 2001). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and aging of facial soft tissues: A computerized three‐dimensional mesh diagram analysis

et al. 2003

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The normal growth, development, and aging of facial soft tissues was studied by three-dimensional (3D) computerized mesh diagram analysis. The 3D coordinates of 50 soft-tissue landmarks were collected from 591 healthy white northern Italians (351 males, 240 females) 6-40 years of age. For each gender and age class, mean values were computed, and a standardized mesh of equidistant horizontal, vertical, and anterior-posterior lines was constructed. Within each age group, male meshes were superimposed on female meshes. For each gender, the 6-year-old reference mesh was superimposed on the reference mesh of each age group. The global (size plus shape) difference was evaluated by calculating the relevant displacement vectors for each landmark. Consequently, a size normalization was carried out and the shape difference was evaluated by calculating new relevant displacement vectors for each landmark. Growth and development were different along the three spatial planes: the largest increment was observed in the vertical dimension, with major modifications in the soft-tissue profile. The vertical dimension in males increased even after 30 years of age: ear dimensions increased, trichion moved superiorly and posteriorly, and pogonion, menton, and gonion moved anteriorly and inferiorly. In all age groups, size-standardized shape differences were found in the forehead, lower-third facial profile, eyes, cheeks, and ears. In each age class, male dimensions were larger than female dimensions. During childhood, gender differences in size were limited; shape differences were even less manifest. Overall, the profile was more anterior and inferior, the gonia were more inferior and more lateral, the forehead was more anterior, and the ears were larger in males than in females of corresponding age.

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“…Subtle differences between the two facial halves are common findings even in healthy persons [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], the origin of such is still being discussed. Both epigenetic (environmental) and genetic (mostly explained by epistatic interactions of genes) factors have been recognized [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, in the face all three spatial components (right-left, cranio-caudal, anteriorposterior) can be asymmetric. In particular, the facial lower third can be very asymmetric in the anteroposterior plane [2,8], a finding neglected in the conventional two-dimensional photographic or radiographic views [1,5,[17][18][19].…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Asymmetry is a common finding in both the craniofacial hard tissues, and in the facial appearance, where the soft tissue cover (muscles, skin, adipose tissue) may partly mask the underlying imbalances [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Asymmetry is also found in the movement of facial mimic muscles: in healthy subjects, facial expressions, and in particular spontaneous smile, are larger on the left-than on the right-side of the face [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-Dimensional Facial Asymmetry in Attractive and Normal People from Childhood to Young Adulthood

et al. 2010

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Abstract:We are currently investigating measurable esthetic characteristics in persons considered "attractive" by the media. Three-dimensional soft-tissue facial asymmetry was quantified in 380 attractive (148 males, 232 females) and 669 control (397 males, 272 females) healthy persons aged 4-30 years. The coordinates of 50 facial landmarks were collected by a computerized digitizer, and asymmetry computed. Soft-tissue facial asymmetries reduced as a function of age in all cases. Attractive children were more symmetric than control children, but the reverse was true for young adults. The effect of symmetry on attractiveness seems to change as a function of age.

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Three-dimensional facial morphometric assessment of soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery

Cited by 78 publications

References 22 publications

Nasal Changes after Surgical Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Koreans

Nasal Changes after Surgical Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Koreans

Growth and aging of facial soft tissues: A computerized three‐dimensional mesh diagram analysis

Three-Dimensional Facial Asymmetry in Attractive and Normal People from Childhood to Young Adulthood

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