Three‐dimensional flushing times of the Persian Gulf

Sadrinasab, Masoud; Kämpf, Jochen

doi:10.1029/2004gl020425

Cited by 48 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Significant amounts of fine-mode aerosols produced by the petroleum industry and related shipping activities are observed (Basart et al, +2.74 ± 1.78 % yr −1 for MISR-Terra, +1.72 ± 1.13 % yr −1 for SeaWiFS-OrbView-2 AOT, and +3.84 ± 2.66 % yr −1 for MODIS-Aqua). This has been explained by increases of coarse-mode aerosols from deserts (+3.37 % yr −1 for coarse-mode dominant AOT from 2001 to 2007 at the Solar_Village station, Yoon et al, 2012) and fine-mode aerosols from oil production, refining, and other industry in and around the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf (Sadrinasab and Kämpf, 2004). The increasing trends are comparable to the results; +0.0092 ± 0.0026 yr −1 from 1997 to 2010 over the Arabian Peninsula (Hsu et al, 2012) Aerosol over the Indian subcontinent, as shown in region 4 in Fig.…”

Section: Trend Validation With Aeronet Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in atmospheric aerosol loading retrieved from space-based measurements during the past decade

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The role and potential management of short-lived atmospheric pollutants such as aerosols are currently a topic of scientific and public debates. Our limited knowledge of atmospheric aerosol and its influence on the Earth's radiation balance has a significant impact on the accuracy and error of current predictions of future climate change. In the last few years, there have been several accounts of the changes in atmospheric aerosol derived from satellite observations, but no study considering the uncertainty caused by different/limited temporal sampling of polar-orbiting satellites and cloud disturbance in the trend estimates of cloud-free aerosol optical thickness (AOT). This study presents an approach to minimize the uncertainties by use of weighted least-squares regression and multiple satellite-derived AOTs from the space- . In contrast, a statistically significant increase (about +34 % in the same period) over eastern China is observed and can be attributed to the increase in both industrial output and Asian desert dust.

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Section: Trend Validation With Aeronet Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in atmospheric aerosol loading retrieved from space-based measurements during the past decade

et al. 2014

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“…In water bodies that are as shallow as the Gulf, the water mixed layer and atmospheric mixed layer are of comparable heat content, and the two components of a coupled system evolve simultaneously with significant two-way interactions. Previous regional modeling studies either used specified surface fluxes to simulate the hydrodynamics of the Gulf (Chao et al 1992; Kämpf and Sadrinasab 2006;Sadrinasab and Kämpf 2004;Thoppil and Hogan 2010;Yao and Johns 2010a;Yao and Johns 2010b;Hassanzadeh et al 2011;Hassanzadeh et al 2012) or prescribed SST in simulating the regional atmospheric climate (Evans et al 2004;Marcella andEltahir 2008, 2012). Because of the shallow nature of this water body, neither of these two approaches is suitable for addressing the above questions or projecting future climate in this region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the Heat and Water Budgets of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf Using a Regional Climate Model*,+

Xue

Eltahir

2015

Journal of Climate

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Because of the scarcity of observational data, existing estimates of the heat and water budgets of the Persian Gulf are rather uncertain. This uncertainty leaves open the fundamental question of whether this water body is a net heat source or a net heat sink to the atmosphere. Previous regional modeling studies either used specified surface fluxes to simulate the hydrodynamics of the Gulf or prescribed SST in simulating the regional atmospheric climate; neither of these two approaches is suitable for addressing the above question or for projecting the future climate in this region. For the first time, a high-resolution, two-way, coupled Gulf-atmosphere regional model (GARM) is developed, forced by solar radiation and constrained by observed lateral boundary conditions, suited for the study of current and future climates of the Persian Gulf. Here, this study demonstrates the unique capability of this model in consistently predicting surface heat and water fluxes and lateral heat and water exchanges with the Arabian Sea, as well as the variability of water temperature and water mass. Although these variables are strongly coupled, only SST has been directly and sufficiently observed. The coupled model succeeds in simulating the water and heat budgets of the Persian Gulf without any artificial flux adjustment, as demonstrated in the close agreement of model simulation with satellite and in situ observations.The coupled regional climate model simulates a net surface heat flux of 13 W m 22 , suggesting a small net heat flux from the atmosphere into the Persian Gulf. The annual evaporation from the Persian Gulf is 1.84 m yr 21 , and the annual influx and outflux of water through the Strait of Hormuz between the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea are equivalent to Persian Gulf-averaged precipitation and evaporation rates of 33.7 and 32.1 m yr 21 , with a net influx of water equivalent to a Persian Gulf-averaged precipitation rate of 1.6 m yr 21. The average depth of the Persian Gulf water is ;38 m. Hence, it suggests that the mean residency time scale for the entire Persian Gulf is ;14 months.

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“…Circulation and water mass formation in the Persian Gulf have been the subject of several previous modeling studies (Lardner et al, 1993;Chao et al, 1992;Blain, 2000;Sadrinasab and Kämpf, 2004;Kämpf and Sadrinasab, 2006;Azam et al, 2006). Several of these studies used hydrodynamic numerical models or spectral models of coarse to moderate horizontal resolutions (20-5 km), and were driven by monthly mean density or atmospheric forcing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persian Gulf response to a wintertime shamal wind event

Thoppil

Hogan

2010

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

114

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a b s t r a c tThe results from a $ 1 km resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), forced by 1/21 Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) atmospheric data, were used in order to study the dynamic response of the Persian Gulf to wintertime shamal forcing. Shamal winds are strong northwesterly winds that occur in the Persian Gulf area behind southeast moving cold fronts. The period from 20 November to 5 December 2004 included a well defined shamal event that lasted 4-5 days. In addition to strong winds (16 m s À 1 ) the winter shamal also brought cold dry air () which led to a net heat loss in excess of 1000 W m À 2 by increasing the latent heat flux. This resulted in SST cooling of up to 10 1C most notably in the northern and shallower shelf regions. A sensitivity experiment with a constant specific humidity of q a ¼ 15 g kg À 1 confirmed that about 38% of net heat loss was due to the air-sea humidity differences. The time integral of SST cooling closely followed the air-sea heat loss, indicating an approximate one-dimensional vertical heat balance. It was found that the shamal induced convective vertical mixing provided a direct mechanism for the erosion of stratification and deepening of the mixed layer by 30 m. The strong wind not only strengthened the circulation in the entire Persian Gulf but also established a northwestward flowing Iranian Coastal Current (ICC, 25-30 cm s ) during 24 November followed by an equivalent inflow on the next day.

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Three‐dimensional flushing times of the Persian Gulf

Cited by 48 publications

References 9 publications

Changes in atmospheric aerosol loading retrieved from space-based measurements during the past decade

Changes in atmospheric aerosol loading retrieved from space-based measurements during the past decade

Estimation of the Heat and Water Budgets of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf Using a Regional Climate Model*,+

Persian Gulf response to a wintertime shamal wind event

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