Three-Dimensional Impression of Biomaterials for Alveolar Graft: Scoping Review

Abstract

Craniofacial bone defects are one of the biggest clinical challenges in regenerative medicine, with secondary autologous bone grafting being the gold-standard technique. The development of new three-dimensional matrices intends to overcome the disadvantages of the gold-standard method. The aim of this paper is to put forth an in-depth review regarding the clinical efficiency of available 3D printed biomaterials for the correction of alveolar bone defects. A survey was carried out using the following databases: PubMed via Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and gray literature. The inclusion criteria applied were the following: in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and clinical studies; and studies that assessed bone regeneration resorting to 3D printed biomaterials. The risk of bias of the in vitro and in vivo studies was performed using the guidelines for the reporting of pre-clinical studies on dental materials by Faggion Jr and the SYRCLE risk of bias tool, respectively. In total, 92 publications were included in the final sample. The most reported three-dimensional biomaterials were the PCL matrix, β-TCP matrix, and hydroxyapatite matrix. These biomaterials can be combined with different polymers and bioactive molecules such as rBMP-2. Most of the included studies had a high risk of bias. Despite the advances in the research on new three-dimensionally printed biomaterials in bone regeneration, the existing results are not sufficient to justify the application of these biomaterials in routine clinical practice.

Fabrication of Solvent-Free PCL/β-TCP Composite Fiber for 3D Printing: Physiochemical and Biological Investigation

“…Recent reviews by Francisco et al and Mohd et al show that PCL, β-TCP, and HAP are the most reported biomaterials used for 3D printing. However, only a limited number of studies using PCL/β-TCP have been reported, none of which used fabricated solvent-free PCL/β-TCP fibers [ 15 , 45 ]. Wang et al, also note that the fabrication of scaffolds using extrusion methods has been rarely investigated [ 18 ].…”

Periodontal Phenotype Modification Using Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft and Bone Graft in the Mandibular Anterior Teeth with Mucogingival Problems Following Orthodontic Treatment

“…We used synthetic bone substitute because of its unique property. The ß-TCP matrix contains biocompatible bone-like tissue components with a good balance between degradation and resorption during bone formation [ 37 ]. As the denuded root surface is avascular, we were concerned that the bone graft particles on the denuded root surface may protrude through the gingiva and be perceived as a foreign body.…”

3D Printing Applications for Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction: A Sweeping Review

“…Polycaprolactone, an FDA-approved thermoplastic polyester, is the second most studied and used 3D printed material for craniofacial application. ,,,− PCL is known to be biodegradable and highly biocompatible . PCL is commonly 3D printed using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), rendering it very cost-effective .…”

“…β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), a bioactive calcium phosphate, has garnered particular attention within the field of cranio­maxillofacial reconstruction given its well-documented safety profile, 6–18-month resorption period, and similar composition to the mineral phase of human bone. ,, β-TCP resorption kinetics are much more favorable to hydroxyapatite, which exhibits a degradation rate of approximately 1%/year . Direct-Ink-Writing (DIW), or robocasting, with bioactive ceramic colloidal ink followed by sintering allows for customization of a defect-specific scaffold .…”