Three-Dimensional Invisibility Cloak at Optical Wavelengths

Ergin, Tolga; Stenger, Nicolas; Brenner, Philipp; Pendry, J. B.; Wegener, Martin

doi:10.1126/science.1186351

Cited by 1,145 publications

(822 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Meanwhile, direct laser writing by multiphoton polymerization of a photoresist 108 has emerged as a technique for the flexible fabrication of 3D metamaterials. 61,96 This method utilizes a multi-photon absorption process in a photoresist that is transparent at the wavelength of the laser used for creating the pattern. If the laser beam is tightly focused into the photoresist, the light intensity becomes sufficiently high to induce the multiphoton absorption and hence the polymerization process.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology

Liu¹,

2011

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Metamaterials, artificial composite structures with exotic material properties, have emerged as a new frontier of science involving physics, material science, engineering and chemistry. This critical review focuses on the fundamentals, recent progresses and future directions in the research of electromagnetic metamaterials. An introduction to metamaterials followed by a detailed elaboration on how to design unprecedented electromagnetic properties of metamaterials is presented. A number of intriguing phenomena and applications associated with metamaterials are discussed, including negative refraction, sub-diffraction-limited imaging, strong optical activities in chiral metamaterials, interaction of meta-atoms and transformation optics. Finally, we offer an outlook on future directions of metamaterials research including but not limited to three-dimensional optical metamaterials, nonlinear metamaterials and ''quantum'' perspectives of metamaterials (142 references).

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Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology

Liu¹,

2011

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“…To achieve cloaking, the raised protrusion (the bump) created in the reflective layer is mapped to a flat plane and the resulting 2D index profile forms a carpet cloak device. In contrast to resonant optical structures [16,17], QCM carpet cloak provides a broadband loss-less design and may be invariably extended in the third direction with some limitations [18], experimentally demonstrated to operate for a range of viewing angles [19]. The relatively modest materials requirement from QCM enabled the implementation of the cloaking devices in the infrared [20,21] using a silicon waveguide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the waveguide confinement at longer wavelength reduces the mode index, creating a waveguide cut-off in the infrared. Although the waveguide test structure and coupling gratings were designed for demonstration of the cloaking effect using light with transverse electric polarization, in principal the QCM transformation operates for both polarizations [15,19,20].…”

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confidence: 99%

A Carpet Cloak for Visible Light

et al. 2011

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ABSTRACT:We report an invisibility carpet cloak device, which is capable of making an object undetectable by visible light. The cloak is designed using quasi conformal mapping and is fabricated in a silicon nitride waveguide on a specially developed nano-porous silicon oxide substrate with a very low refractive index. The spatial index variation is realized by etching holes of various sizes in the nitride layer at deep subwavelength scale creating a local effective medium index. The fabricated device demonstrates wideband invisibility throughout the visible spectrum with low loss. This silicon nitride on low index substrate can also be a general scheme for implementation of transformation optical devices at visible frequency. KEYWORDS:Optical metamaterials, invisibility cloak, optical transformation Invisibility cloaks, a family of optical illusion devices that route electromagnetic (EM) waves around an object so that the existence of the object does not perturb light propagation, are still in their infancy. Artificially engineered materials with specific EM properties, known as metamaterials [1,2], have been used to control the propagation of EM waves, and have recently 2 been applied to cloaking through transformation optics [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The invariance of Maxwell's equations under optical coordinate transformation allows the space around the object to be reshaped such that the light can propagate in the desired way. Such transformations usually require EM properties with extreme values that are only achievable in metallic metamaterials, and have been experimentally demonstrated for cloaking in microwave frequencies [9,10]. Due to the significant metallic loss at optical frequencies, the implementation of such cloaks for visible light has been difficult. Recently another innovative strategy was developed based on exploiting uniaxial crystals [11,12]. These devices have demonstrated cloaking in visible frequencies for a certain polarization of light based on intrinsic anisotropy in the crystals. As an alternative, conformal mapping, where an inverse transformation of the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability leads to a spatially variable refractive index profile [13], can be applied to isotropic dielectric metamaterials. While 3D conformal mapping leads to anisotropic index profiles [14], a 2D quasi conformal mapping (QCM) can be employed to minimize anisotropy. The 2D QCM is the basis for the carpet cloak [15], where the object is hidden under a reflective layer (the carpet). To achieve cloaking, the raised protrusion (the bump) created in the reflective layer is mapped to a flat plane and the resulting 2D index profile forms a carpet cloak device. In contrast to resonant optical structures [16,17], QCM carpet cloak provides a broadband loss-less design and may be invariably extended in the third direction with some limitations [18], experimentally demonstrated to operate for a range of viewing angles [19]. The relatively modest materials requirement from QCM enabled the implementation of the...

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“…SPP can propagate between the medium and the surface of metal until the energy gradually disappear [134]. Having described the basics of SPPs in Section 2, a number of applications controlling their propagation in the context of waveguiding are emerged, such as SPR sensors [135], SERS [136], cloaking [137], and photothermal cancer therapy [138]. Nowadays, plasmonics applied in chemical reactions has aroused widespread concerns.…”

Section: Promotion Of Chemical Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exciton-plasmon coupling interactions: from principle to applications

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The interaction of exciton-plasmon coupling and the conversion of exciton-plasmon-photon have been widely investigated experimentally and theoretically. In this review, we introduce the exciton-plasmon interaction from basic principle to applications. There are two kinds of exciton-plasmon coupling, which demonstrate different optical properties. The strong exciton-plasmon coupling results in two new mixed states of light and matter separated energetically by a Rabi splitting that exhibits a characteristic anticrossing behavior of the exciton-LSP energy tuning. Compared to strong coupling, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface plasmon (SP)-enhanced absorption, enhanced fluorescence, or fluorescence quenching, there is no perturbation between wave functions; the interaction here is called the weak coupling. SP resonance (SPR) arises from the collective oscillation induced by the electromagnetic field of light and can be used for investigating the interaction between light and matter beyond the diffraction limit. The study on the interaction between SPR and exaction has drawn wide attention since its discovery not only due to its contribution in deepening and broadening the understanding of SPR but also its contribution to its application in light-emitting diodes, solar cells, low threshold laser, biomedical detection, quantum information processing, and so on.

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Three-Dimensional Invisibility Cloak at Optical Wavelengths

Cited by 1,145 publications

References 23 publications

Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology

Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology

A Carpet Cloak for Visible Light

Exciton-plasmon coupling interactions: from principle to applications

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