Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of throwing motion focusing on pelvic rotation at stride foot contact

Oi, Takanori; Takagi, Yaemi; Tsuchiyama, Kohnan; Hashimoto, Kenkichi; Tanaka, Hiroshi; Inui, Haruyuki; Nobuhara, Katsuya; Yoshiya, Shinichi

doi:10.1016/j.jses.2017.12.007

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A set of 24 retroreflective markers were attached to the participant. 15,39 Markers were placed bilaterally on the acromion process, elbow epicondyles (lateral and medial), styloid processes (ulnar and radial), greater trochanter, femoral epicondyles (lateral and medial), malleoli (lateral and medial), and third distal metatarsal. Additionally, a marker was placed between the second and third distal metacarpals on the throwing hand and another on the heel of the left foot.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Differences Between Japanese and American Professional Baseball Pitchers

Yoshiya

Slowik

et al. 2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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fessional baseball pitchers were collected by use of a 3-dimensional, automated, high-speed optical motion capture system. Anthropometric, kinetic, and kinematic data for both groups were compared by use of t tests (P < .05).Results: American pitchers were taller and heavier and generated greater ball velocity (38.1 ± 1.6 vs 34.7 ± 1.1 m/s; P < .001) than their Japanese counterparts. Most elbow and shoulder kinetic parameters, including elbow varus torque (99 ± 17 vs 86 ± 17 NÁm; P ¼ .018), were greater for American pitchers. However, when normalized by bodyweight and height, shoulder horizontal adduction torque was greater for Japanese pitchers (6.8% ± 1.0% vs 5.8% ± 1.1%; P ¼ .005). Japanese pitchers had longer stride (86% ± 5% vs 82% ± 6% of height; P ¼ .023), greater shoulder abduction at ball release (101 ± 8 vs 94 ± 9 ; P ¼ .014), and greater knee flexion after ball release (39 ± 18 vs 28 ± 14 ; P ¼ .039). Japanese pitchers also demonstrated greater shoulder internal rotation velocity, elbow flexion, and elbow extension velocity.Conclusion: Greater elbow varus torque may predispose American pitchers to greater risk of elbow injury. Japanese pitchers may have increased risk of shoulder injury due to greater normalized horizontal adduction torque and greater abduction angle. Japanese pitchers may be able to reduce their shoulder torque and risk of injury by shortening their stride, reducing their lead knee flexion, and decreasing their throwing arm abduction.Clinical Relevance: Understanding anthropometric, kinetic, and kinematic differences between pitchers from the 2 countries may be of value to clinicians and coaches working to maximize performance of the pitchers while minimizing the risk of injury.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Differences Between Japanese and American Professional Baseball Pitchers

Yoshiya

Slowik

et al. 2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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“…Overhand pitching is a movement that requires the coordination of the lower extremity, trunk, and upper extremity segments to effectively transfer force throughout the kinetic chain to project a baseball. It has been reported that angular velocities at the shoulder joint during overhand pitching can reach magnitudes near 7000°/s at the point of ball release [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Analysis of an Overhead Baseball Throwing Movement Associated with a Cardiorespiratory Fatigue Effect

Rusdiana¹,

Darmawan²,

Syahid³

et al. 2020

TOSSJ

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Background: Overhand pitching is a movement that requires the coordination of lower extremity, trunk, and upper extremity segments to effectively transfer force throughout the kinetic chain to project a baseball. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cardiorespiratory fatigue on throwing ball velocity related to kinematics motion changes in baseball. Methods: The study samples included 12 male baseball athletes (19.3 ± 2.8 years old, height of 1.71.4 ± 3.1 m, and weight of 64.3 ± 3.6 kg). A descriptive quantitative method approach was used. The instruments included two high-resolution handycams (Sony HXR-MC2500, Japan), a high-speed camera (Fastec Imaging TS5-H, USA), a radar speed gun (Bushnell 101922, Germany), a 3D force platform (The AMTI Optima Series 20210, USA), 14 point manual markers, a motion capture system software (Frame DIAZ IV, Japan), and a heart rate sensor (Polar H10, Finland). Results: The results of this study showed that there were significant differences in the ball velocity (p= 0.042), stride length percentage height (p= 0.041), elbow flexion (p= 0.046), maximum shoulder horizontal adduction (p= 0.041), maximum elbow extension angular velocity (p= 0.035), maximum shoulder internal rotation (p= 0.029), and lateral trunk tilt (p= 0.029) when the pitchers were fatigued. Conclusion: Cardiorespiratory fatigue causes changes in the kinetic harmonization of upper and lower body motion, which results in a decrease in the ball velocity. These results are similar to those in previous studies conducted with the intervention of muscle fatigue during overhead baseball throwing, which causes a decrease in the performance and ball velocity.

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“… 22 , 23 ) Moreover, Oi et al demonstrated that early pelvic rotation was correlated with decreased hip flexion of the stance leg and increased hip flexion of the lead leg from the cocking phase to the acceleration phase in young baseball players. 24 ) These results suggested that decreased hip IR ROM of the stance leg at 90° of flexion could lead to insufficient trunk rotation and breakdown of the kinetic chain of the throwing cycle, which could result in elbow and shoulder pain. In our study, negative correlations were found between age and hip ROMs of the stance leg measured in the prone position.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cross-sectional Study of the Hip Joint Condition in Young Baseball Players

Kobayashi

Tajika

Warita

et al. 2021

PRM

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Objective: The hip joint is a crucial part of the kinetic chain for throwing baseball pitches. Nevertheless, few reports have described assessments of the functional development of the hip joint in young baseball players. Methods: We examined 315 young baseball players, 7–14 years old, all of whom had completed a self-administered questionnaire including items related to the dominant side and throwing-related hip joint pain sustained during the previous year. We measured the hip ranges of motion (ROMs: external and internal rotation and flexion) and hip muscle strengths (external and internal rotation) on the dominant and non-dominant sides. The differences of hip ROMs and muscle strengths between the dominant and non-dominant sides and between age groups were investigated. Correlations were calculated between the players ages and hip ROMs and muscle strengths. Results: No baseball player reported hip pain. The hip external rotation on the dominant side was smaller than that on the non-dominant side, whereas the hip internal rotation on the dominant side was greater than that on the non-dominant side. However, no significant difference was found between the dominant and non-dominant sides in terms of the hip muscle strength. Significant positive associations were found between the player’s age and hip muscle strengths, whereas significant negative associations were found between the age and hip ROMs. Conclusions: Our data concerning the relationship between age and hip joint development could be useful for supporting strategies for the prevention and rehabilitation of throwing injuries; however, hip injuries might be rare among young baseball players.

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Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of throwing motion focusing on pelvic rotation at stride foot contact

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

Biomechanical Differences Between Japanese and American Professional Baseball Pitchers

Biomechanical Differences Between Japanese and American Professional Baseball Pitchers

Biomechanical Analysis of an Overhead Baseball Throwing Movement Associated with a Cardiorespiratory Fatigue Effect

Cross-sectional Study of the Hip Joint Condition in Young Baseball Players

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