Three-dimensional kinematics and trunk muscle myoelectric activity in the young lumbar spine: A database

Analysis of squat and stoop dynamic liftings: muscle forces and internal spinal loads

“…Results of previous works on extensor muscle activities in stoop lifts usually demonstrate two peaks: the first and smaller one occurring in lowering phase while the second and larger one in lifting phase of the tasks [44,54,67,74,75]. Our predictions on active extensor muscle forces also show similar variations during the tasks (Fig.…”

Repeatability of kinematic and electromyographical measures during standing and trunk motion: How many trials are sufficient?

“…The number of trials was selected based on a review of the literature. Typically, three trials or less have been used in previous literature (Burnett et al, 2008;Dankaerts et al, 2009;Edmondston et al, 2007a;Lariviere et al, 2000;Peach et al, 1998;Willems et al, 1996). While it may have been ideal to collect data for more than ten trials, the expectations for the time commitment of participants are limited to an extent (Sparto and Parnianpour, 2001).…”

“…A recommendation of this type is difficult to develop, as the minimum number of trials required to achieve repeatable and reliable values is likely to differ based on the task as well as the specific measure. Typically, three trials or less have been used when measuring trunk muscle activation and motion (Burnett et al, 2008;Dankaerts et al, 2009;Edmondston et al, 2007a;Lariviere et al, 2000;Peach et al, 1998;Willems et al, 1996). Allison and Fukushima (2003) investigated the repeatability of trunk positioning with the eyes closed following a familiarization period with the eyes open, and concluded that precision error stabilized at five trials, with the coefficient of variation and statistical power stabilizing after 6 trials.…”

The effect of increasing resistance on trunk muscle activity during extension and flexion exercises on training devices

“…Disposable Ag/AgCl surface electrodes (Blue Sensor, Medicotest GmbH, Germany) were attached parallel to the musclefibre orientation, bilaterally over the following abdominal muscles: the inferior fibres of the internal oblique (IO) (midway between the anterior iliac spine and symphysis pubis, above the inguinal ligament) (Cholewicki et al, 1997;Danneels et al, 2001;Van Dieën et al, 2003), the external oblique (EO) (15 cm lateral to the umbilicus) (Cholewicki et al, 1997;Danneels et al, 2001;Peach et al, 1998;Van Dieën et al, 2003) and the rectus abdominis (RA) (3 cm lateral to the umbilicus) (Cholewicki et al, 1997;Danneels et al, 2001;Peach et al, 1998;Thelen et al, 1994;Van Dieën et al, 2003). The selected back muscles were the lumbar multifidus (MF) (lateral to the midline of the body, above and below a line connecting both posterior superior iliac spines) (Danneels et al, 2002;Macintosh and Bogduk, 1987), the lumbar part of the iliocostalis lumborum (ICLL) (lateral to the vertical line through the posterior superior iliac spine, above the iliac crest) (Macintosh and Bogduk, 1987), the thoracic part of the iliocostalis lumborum (ICLT) (above and below the L1 level, midway between the midline and the lateral aspect of the body) (Danneels et al, 2002;Danneels et al, 2001;Macintosh and Bogduk, 1987), the thoracic part of the longissimus (LT) (above and below the L1 level, midway between the vertical line through the posterior superior iliac spine and the midline of the body) (Macintosh and Bogduk, 1987), and the latissimus dorsi (LD) (3 cm lateral and inferior to the inferior angle of the scapula) (Danneels et al, 2001).…”

“…Extensive research was also performed on muscle fatigability (Kankaanpää et al, 2005;Kankaanpää et al, 1997;Lee et al, 1996;Roy et al, 1989;Sparto et al, 1999;Van Dieën et al, 2003) and muscle activation during different lifting movements (Arjmand and Shirazi-Adl, 2005;Bonato et al, 2003;Cresswell and Thorstensson, 1994;Gagnon et al, 2001;Granata and Marras, 1995;Kingma et al, 2004;Lee and Lee, 2002;Noe et al, 1992;Potvin et al, 1991;Roy et al, 1998;Takahashi et al, 2006). In training exercises, muscle function was analyzed in a standing position using loads in the hands (Arjmand and Shirazi-Adl, 2006;Peach et al, 1998) and resistance from a device (Alexiev, 1994;Allison and Henry, 2001;Gallagher, 1997;Granata et al, 2005;Lee et al, 2006;Ross et al, 1993;Sparto and Parnianpour, 1998;Thelen et al, 1994). Today, most training on devices occurs in a seated position, because it is a comfortable posture which limits compensatory movements.…”