Three-dimensional modeling of canopy tree interception of wind-driven rainfall

Herwitz, Stanley R.; Slye, Robert E.

doi:10.1016/0022-1694(94)02643-p

Cited by 90 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Epiphytes intercepting rainwater and disrupting stemflow pathways on the epiphyte-covered trees likely diminished stemflow yield compared to the bare canopies. Elevated stemflow yield from bare cedar trees at the study site compared to other studies on the same species, however, may be a function of meteorological variables not measured (i.e., wind conditions [27]) or neighborhood conditions along the forest edge that improved individual trees' ability to entrain rainfall as stemflow [30].…”

Section: Hydrometeorologymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Stemflow volumes from the sampled bare cedar trees were 2-5 times greater than observed beneath the epiphyte-covered cedars ( Table 1). The sum of throughfall and stemflow exceeded total rainfall for the 30 July storm (9.2 mm net rainfall versus 8.9 mm gross rainfall), which is a common artifact observed when throughfall drip points are oversampled [26], rainfall is undersampled, or wind conditions permit greater three-dimensional rainfall capture area than represented by two-dimensional projected canopy areas [27]. …”

Section: Hydrometeorology For Sampled Stormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interstorm Variability in the Biolability of Tree-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter (Tree-DOM) in Throughfall and Stemflow

Howard

Stan

Whitetree

et al. 2018

Forests

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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) drives carbon (C) cycling in soils. Current DOM work has paid little attention to interactions between rain and plant canopies (including their epiphytes), where rainfall is enriched with tree-derived DOM (tree-DOM) prior to reaching the soil. Tree-DOM during storms reaches soils as throughfall (drip through canopy gaps and from canopy surfaces) and stemflow (rainwater drained down the trunk). This study (1) assessed the susceptibility of tree-DOM to the consumption by microbes (biolability); (2) evaluated interstorm variability in the proportion and decay kinetics of biolabile tree-DOM (tree-BDOM), and (3) determined whether the presence of arboreal epiphytes affected tree-BDOM. Tree-BDOM from Juniperus virginiana L. was determined by subjecting throughfall and stemflow samples from five storms to 14-day microbial incubations. Tree-DOM was highly biolabile, decreasing in concentration by 36-73% within 1-4 days. Tree-BDOM yield was 3-63 mg-C m −2 mm −1 rainfall, which could represent 33-47% of annual net ecosystem exchange in Georgia (USA) forests. Amount and decay kinetics of tree-BDOM were not significantly different between throughfall versus stemflow, or epiphyte-covered versus bare canopy. However, epiphyte presence reduced water yields which reduced tree-BDOM yields. Interstorm proportions, rates and yields of tree-BDOM were highly variable, but throughfall and stemflow consistently contained high tree-BDOM proportions (>30%) compared to previously-published litter and soil leachate data (10-30%). The high biolability of tree-DOM indicates that tree-BDOM likely provides C subsidies to microbial communities at the forest floor, in soils and the rhizosphere.

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Section: Hydrometeorologymentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Hydrometeorology For Sampled Stormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interstorm Variability in the Biolability of Tree-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter (Tree-DOM) in Throughfall and Stemflow

Howard

Stan

Whitetree

et al. 2018

Forests

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“…Furthermore, WDR can cause a significant spatial heterogeneity of the throughfall and stemflow in forest regions, which leads to errors in the estimated value of RI [Herwitz and Slye, 1995]. While WDR has a significant influence on the estimated value of RI, most studies on RI in the literature have not taken WDR into consideration.…”

Section: Effects Of Wdr On Rimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11] Wind can tilt rainfall from the vertical direction, which is known as wind-driven rain (WDR) [Herwitz and Slye, 1995;Sevruk and Nespor, 1998;Blocken and Carmeliet, 2004]. In the presence of WDR, (1) the rainfall rate at the canopy surface becomes spatially heterogeneous, (2) local circulation may be induced by wind around the rain gauge, and (3) raindrops that have landed on the canopy surface may be transported away from the canopy by wind.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, the rainfall events were classified into three groups based on the tilt angle of raindrops from the vertical direction to investigate the WDR effect on the relationship between RI and the total rainfall ( Figure 3) and that between RI and rainfall duration ( Figure 4). The tilt angle was calculated for each rainfall event using the mean wind velocity and the mean rainfall intensity given by Herwitz and Slye [1995]. No clear effects (2)).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental study on rainfall interception over an outdoor urban‐scale model

Nakayoshi

Moriwaki

Kawai

et al. 2009

Water Resources Research

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[1] Rainfall interception (RI) over an outdoor urban-scale model was investigated from the perspectives of water and energy balance. On average, RI was 6% of the gross rainfall and smaller than typical values in forests. No correlation was found between RI and gross rainfall or rainfall duration unlike the correlations found in forests. Most RI occurred in the first several hours of rainfall, and then RI rapidly decreased with time during a rainfall event. RI was dependent on the saturation deficit at the beginning of the rainfall event. The latent heat for RI was approximately balanced by heat conduction from the concrete surfaces. Differences in the canopy structure are considered as possible reasons for the different behaviors of RI between the present site and forests. Accordingly, three aspects of the canopy structure, i.e., effective wet surface area, efficiency for scalar transfer, and canopy heat capacity, are discussed.Citation: Nakayoshi, M., R. Moriwaki, T. Kawai, and M. Kanda (2009), Experimental study on rainfall interception over an outdoor urban-scale model, Water Resour. Res., 45, W04415,

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Mid-Winter Stemflow Drainage From Bigtooth Aspen (Populus Grandidentata Michx.) in Central Massachusetts

Herwitz

Levia

1997

Hydrol. Process.

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Under winter conditions, stemflow drainage in forested ecosystems is often assumed to be a negligible component of the hydrological cycle. This paper reports on mid‐winter stemflow drainage from the broadleaved deciduous tree species Populus grandidentata. Stemflow volumes from this species at air temperatures of < 0°C were found to be comparable to rainfall‐generated stemflow during summer. Over the three‐month period January–March 1993, stemflow ranged from 5.4 to 9.9% of the incident gross precipitation. Expressed as depth equivalents per unit trunk basal area, these stemflow inputs ranged from 1.8 to 4.9 m. These concentrated mid‐winter inputs of liquid water to the bases of canopy trees were attributable to: (1) snow interception by the leafless woody frame of each tree; (2) snow retention by glazed ice precipitation associated with the snowfall event; (3) increased temperature at the bark/snow interface caused by the low albedo of the bark tissue; and (4) convergence of snowmelt drainage from steeply inclined upthrust primary branches. The hydrological and ecological significance of liquid water inputs to the forest floor under sub‐zero conditions are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Three-dimensional modeling of canopy tree interception of wind-driven rainfall

Cited by 90 publications

References 42 publications

Interstorm Variability in the Biolability of Tree-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter (Tree-DOM) in Throughfall and Stemflow

Interstorm Variability in the Biolability of Tree-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter (Tree-DOM) in Throughfall and Stemflow

Experimental study on rainfall interception over an outdoor urban‐scale model

Mid-Winter Stemflow Drainage From Bigtooth Aspen (Populus Grandidentata Michx.) in Central Massachusetts

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