“…For parametric studies of the effects of changes in design and operating variables on engine performance, efficiency and emissions, the phenomenological models are better suited due to their simplicity and comparatively smaller computational requirements and costs. As mentioned in the last section, multi-dimensional models, such as the ones reponed by Amsden et al (19), Watkins et al (20) and Errera et al (21), are useful where details of engine geometry and flow are essential. However, because of the heavy cost, these models are less suited for engine diagnostic, parametric and -9 -engine transient studies.…”