Three-dimensional oscillations in a jet at high Reynolds numbers

Kao, S. K.

doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb01439.x

Cited by 19 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Later the same activity was found with saxitoxin which was originally isolated from the toxic Alaska butter clam, Saxidomus giganteus (Ref. 1). Interestingly, the two toxins which have such a unique action were both first discovered in marine organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Recent progress in marine toxin research

Shimizu¹

1982

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Recent progress in marine toxin research

Shimizu¹

1982

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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“…The respiratory depression was appreciated in animals when the dose was 6 ,ug/ kg or more. Kao (1), in his review, described that the contractions of the cat's nictitating membrane induced by preganglionic stimulation were decreased but not abolished by doses of tetrodotoxin up to 5 to 10 ,ag/kg, while contractions produced by epinephrine were unaffected, but the detail is still unpublished. These description are quite similar to our results but differs in effective dose of C.TET.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sites of Action of Crystalline Tetrodotoxin on Sympathetic Nervous Systems

Ozawa

Sugawara

1967

Jpn.J.Pharmacol

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The pharmacological studies of the puffer fish poison, so called Fugu poison, has been reported by many investigators for years. Recently, the review concerned to tetro dotoxin was published by Kao (1). Since the main reason of death by puffer poison is a respiratory paralysis, the effects of tetrodotoxin on respiratory system and on skeletal muscle preparation have been noticed.Since 1952 when the crystalline tetrodotoxin was isolated from the puffer fish (2), the pharmacological actions of this purified crystalline tetrodotoxin have been studied and in 1964 the chemical structure was established (3). There have been also several studies on the smooth muscle preparations : in earlier times, it had been studied by Ishihara (4), Kimura (5), and Takahashi et al. (6, 7), and recently, on the cat's nictitating membrane by Kao (8), on guinea-pig taenia coli by Toida et al. (9,10), and on visceral smooth muscles by Ogura (11) and Hamada (12). In the present paper, authors investigated to clarify the sites of action of crystalline tetrodotoxin on the smooth muscle preparations innervated by the sympathetic nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe sympathetic nerve-smooth muscle preparations used in this experiments were as follows; the cervical sympathetic nerve-nictitating membrane of the anesthetized cat, the isolated hypogastric nerve-vas deferens preparation of the guinea-pig and the isolated mesenteric nerve-intestine preparation of the rabbit.Cervical sympathetic nerve-nictitating membrane of the cat: The cats (2-4 kg) both sexes were anesthetized with 1.4 g/kg urethane subcutaneously. After tracheal cannulation, and cannulation of one femoral vein for intravenous administration of drugs, cats were appropriately prepared for recording. Blood pressure was recorded through the mercury manometer from one femoral artery. The contractions of one nictitating membrane were recorded on a smoked paper with an isotonic writing lever. The contractions were in duced at 2 minutes intervals by the stimulations of the ipsilateral pre and post-ganglionic cervical sympathetic nerves at a frequency of 20/sec with 1 msec duration and at supra maximal voltage using a Nihon Koden MSE-3 stimulator. The direct injection of drugs

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“…Tetrodotoxin (TTX), the potent poison of puffer fishes and newts of the genus Taricha, has been widely used to study neuroeffector systems because of its highly specific blockage of action potentials (1). Thus, we chose TTX for study of the responses of vertebrate melanophores to nervous and hormonal stimuli, in order to learn more about the mechanisms of melanophore control.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, they show that electrogenic Na+ channels are probably not involved in the response of melanophores to MSH or catecholamines. The lack of effect of TTX on melanophores is another example of the general lack of effect of TTX on the responses of effector cells to direct stimulation by pharmacological agents (1 …”

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confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin: Effects on Fish and Frog Melanophores

Fujii

Novales

1968

Science

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Tetrodotoxin blocks the response of killifish melanophores to electrical stimulation of their melanin-aggregating nerves. The direct response of killifish or frog melanophores to hormones is not affected. Since there is no effect on melanin aggregation resulting from the release of adrenergic neurotransmitter in killifish melanophores, we conclude that tetrodotoxin acts by blocking nerve conduction.

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Three-dimensional oscillations in a jet at high Reynolds numbers

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Recent progress in marine toxin research

Recent progress in marine toxin research

Sites of Action of Crystalline Tetrodotoxin on Sympathetic Nervous Systems

Tetrodotoxin: Effects on Fish and Frog Melanophores

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