Three-dimensional printed tissue-simulating phantoms for fluorescence imaging

Schädel-Ebner, Sandra; Katrin, Schira; Hirsch, Ole; Grosenick, Dirk

doi:10.1117/12.2526969

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

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“…The fluorescence properties and the optical properties in the NIR are characterized by spectroscopic measurements and by the time-resolved method, respectively. Based on our first exploratory investigations started several years ago, 40 we discuss the long-term stability of the phantoms over a period of four years. We also compare photostability and bleaching properties to phantoms printed with ICG as a fluorescent dye.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-printed tissue-simulating phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases

et al. 2022

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Significance: Fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases with indocyanine green (ICG) is an emerging technique with unique potential for diagnosis and therapy. Device characterization, monitoring of the performance, and further developments of the technique require tissueequivalent fluorescent phantoms of high stability with appropriate anatomical shapes.Aim: Our investigations aim at the development of a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique to fabricate hand and finger models with appropriate optical properties in the near-infrared spectral range. These phantoms should have fluorescence properties similar to ICG, and excellent photostability and durability over years.Approach: We modified a 3D printing methacrylate photopolymer by adding the fluorescent dye Lumogen IR 765 to the raw material. Reduced scattering and absorption coefficients were adjusted to values representative of the human hand by incorporating titanium dioxide powder and black ink. The properties of printed phantoms of various compositions were characterized using UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and time-resolved measurements. Photostability and bleaching were investigated with a hand imager. For comparison, several phantoms with ICG as fluorescent dye were printed and characterized as well.Results: The spectral properties of Lumogen IR 765 are very similar to those of ICG. By optimizing the concentrations of Lumogen, titanium dioxide, and ink, anatomically shaped hand and vessel models with properties equivalent to in vivo investigations with a fluorescence hand imager could be printed. Phantoms with Lumogen IR 765 had an excellent photostability over up to 4 years. In contrast, phantoms printed with ICG showed significant bleaching and degradation of fluorescence over time.Conclusions: 3D printing of phantoms with Lumogen IR 765 is a promising method for fabricating anatomically shaped fluorescent tissue models of excellent stability with spectral properties similar to ICG. The phantoms are well-suited to monitor the performance of hand imagers. Concepts can easily be transferred to other fluorescence imaging applications of ICG.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-printed tissue-simulating phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases

et al. 2022

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Normal and diabetic foot sole skin mimicking tissue phantom fulfillment for spectroscopic-based DFU diagnostics perspective

Kumar,

Hattale,

Hinge

et al. 2024

AIP Advances

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The development and advancement of spectroscopy techniques for the timely diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) requires foot-skin equivalent reference objects, such as tissue phantoms. Therefore, herein, we describe the fabrication and characterization of a solid and single-layered tissue-mimicking phantom, which mimics the optical properties of the sole skin of the normal and diabetic foot. We found that 600 µl of 7% w/v titanium dioxide (TiO2) per 100 ml epoxy solution could provide a solid tissue phantom with the optical properties equivalent to those of a healthy foot. On the contrary, adding 10 µl of India ink to the same phantom concentration could provide a phantom with optical properties equivalent to those of diabetic foot sole skin. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed based on the calculated optical properties and geometry of the developed phantom and found that the fluence distribution was higher in the normal foot compared to the diabetic foot. To investigate the feasibility of the developed phantoms in spectroscopy study, diffuse reflectance measurements have been performed. The diffuse reflectance of the normal phantom plate was higher than that of the diabetic phantom plate. Furthermore, phantom inhomogeneity error was measured and found to be less than 2%, indicating that nearly homogeneous phantoms have been developed. The stability study confirmed that the optical properties of the developed phantoms do not change significantly after a six-month period, which potentially makes them a suitable controlled reference object that may be used in spectroscopy studies for DFU diagnosis and assessment of its severity.

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Three-dimensional printed tissue-simulating phantoms for fluorescence imaging

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

3D-printed tissue-simulating phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases

3D-printed tissue-simulating phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of rheumatoid diseases

Normal and diabetic foot sole skin mimicking tissue phantom fulfillment for spectroscopic-based DFU diagnostics perspective

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