Three-Dimensional Printing of Hydroxyapatite Composites for Biomedical Application

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA-based nanocomposites have been recognized as ideal biomaterials in hard tissue engineering because of their compositional similarity to bioapatite. However, the traditional HA-based nanocomposites fabrication techniques still limit the utilization of HA in bone, cartilage, dental, applications, and other fields. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been shown to provide a fast, precise, controllable, and scalable fabrication approach for the synthesis of HA-based scaffolds. This review therefore explores available 3D printing technologies for the preparation of porous HA-based nanocomposites. In the present review, different 3D printed HA-based scaffolds composited with natural polymers and/or synthetic polymers are discussed. Furthermore, the desired properties of HA-based composites via 3D printing such as porosity, mechanical properties, biodegradability, and antibacterial properties are extensively explored. Lastly, the applications and the next generation of HA-based nanocomposites for tissue engineering are discussed.

Soft mechanochemical synthesis and thermal stability of hydroxyapatites with different types of substitution

“…HA is widely used in various fields of medicine and is a suitable material for the construction of biocompatible ceramic products, composites, bone defect fillers, medical cements, and implant coatings [2][3][4]. Methods are being developed for 3D printing of custom implants, where HA serves as either an additive or a base material from which a product is created [5,6]. Prospective applications include drug delivery and tissue engineering because HAs appear to be promising carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides, and various types of cells [7].…”

Fruit pomace-lignin as a sustainable biopolymer for biomedical applications

“…For instance, zip-lignin is bio-engineered lignincontaining ester bonds in its structure (Wilkerson et al, 2014). Ester bonds enhance lignin mechanical properties and thus extend possible applications in 3D printing (Han et al, 2021;Shavandi et al, 2020).…”

“…3D printing, otherwise known as additive manufacturing, involves the creation of 3D shapes and parts on a layer-by-layer basis using digital models (Han et al, 2021). In recent times, the combination of lignin with other polymeric materials to form composite products for 3D printing has been receiving a lot of attention (Domínguez-Robles, Martin, et al, 2019;Roman et al, 2020;Yang et al, 2020;Yu & Kim, 2020).…”

Design of 3D Scaffolds for Hard Tissue Engineering: From Apatites to Silicon Mesoporous Materials

“…However, considering the composition of bones, HA combined with other polymeric components, such as collagen, gelatin, diverse polysaccharide, etc., would be the ideal material to use in bone tissue engineering [63][64][65][66][67]. Among the polymers, both natural and synthetic hydrogels present many similarities with the macroscopic macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix of living beings [68,69].…”