Three-dimensional printing of tungsten structures by directed energy deposition

Jeong, Wonjong; Kwon, Young−Soo; Kim, Dongsik

doi:10.1080/10426914.2019.1594253

Cited by 43 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Differences exist among the three methods, depending on the target densification, porosity, and cracking behaviors. The thermal conductivity of W prepared using LBPF was shown to be superior to SPS [104], and it was closer to that of ITER-grade W [58]. It was also correlated with the relative density using moderate scanning speeds [75].…”

Section: Thermal Properties and Performancementioning

confidence: 76%

Progress and Challenges of Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten and Alloys as Plasma-Facing Materials

Howard,

Parker,

2024

Materials

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Tungsten (W) and W alloys are considered as primary candidates for plasma-facing components (PFCs) that must perform in severe environments in terms of temperature, neutron fluxes, plasma effects, and irradiation bombardment. These materials are notoriously difficult to produce using additive manufacturing (AM) methods due to issues inherent to these techniques. The progress on applying AM techniques to W-based PFC applications is reviewed and the technical issues in selected manufacturing methods are discussed in this review. Specifically, we focus on the recent development and applications of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), electron beam melting (EBM), and direct energy deposition (DED) in W materials due to their abilities to preserve the properties of W as potential PFCs. Additionally, the existing literature on irradiation effects on W and W alloys is surveyed, with possible solutions to those issues therein addressed. Finally, the gaps in possible future research on additively manufactured W are identified and outlined.

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Section: Thermal Properties and Performancementioning

confidence: 76%

Progress and Challenges of Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten and Alloys as Plasma-Facing Materials

Howard,

Parker,

2024

Materials

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“…By the end of their experiment, they could print a pure tungsten structure over 100 mm size, density up to 19.0 g/cm 2 , and up to 3.9 GPa hardness. Also, it is concluded that the oxygen level should be less than 300 ppm in the tungsten powder to avoid any oxidation due to the repeated melting and solidification process [29]. 4 shows the various metallic alloys as feed materials which are used in the DED process.…”

Section: Tungstenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directed Energy Deposition via Artificial Intelligence‐Enabled Approaches

et al. 2022

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has been gaining pace, replacing traditional manufacturing methods. Moreover, artificial intelligence and machine learning implementation has increased for further applications and advancements. This review extensively follows all the research work and the contemporary signs of progress in the directed energy deposition (DED) process. All types of DED systems, feed materials, energy sources, and shielding gases used in this process are also analyzed in detail. Implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in the DED process to make the process less human-dependent and control the complicated aspects has been rigorously reviewed. Various AI techniques like neural networks, gradient boosted decision trees, support vector machines, and Gaussian process techniques can achieve the desired aim. These models implemented in the DED process have been trained for high-precision products and superior quality monitoring.

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“…As mentioned previously, some work has been done on DED of pure W [431], W-Ni alloys [90], W-Fe alloys [432] and tungsten heavy alloys [89]. However, no work has been conducted on how post-processing affects the microstructure and the corresponding properties.…”

Section: Post-processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-scale metal additive manufacturing: a holistic review of the state of the art and challenges

Lehmann

Rose

Ranjbar

et al. 2021

International Materials Reviews

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Additive Manufacturing (AM) has the potential to completely reshape the manufacturing space by removing the geometrical constraints of commercial manufacturing and reducing component lead time, especially for large-scale parts. Coupling robotic systems with direct energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing techniques allow for support-free printing of parts where part sizes are scalable from sub-metre to multi-metre sizes. This paper offers a holistic review of large-scale robotic additive manufacturing, beginning with an introduction to AM, followed by different DED techniques, the compatible materials and their typical as-built microstructures. Next, the multitude of robotic build platforms that extend the deposition from the standard 2.5 degrees of freedom (DOF) to 6 and 8 DOF is discussed. With this context, the decomposition and slicing of the computerized model will be described, and the challenges of planning the deposition trajectory will be discussed. The different modalities to monitor and control the deposition in an attempt to meet the geometrical and performance specifications are outlined and discussed. A wide range of metals and alloys have been reported and evaluated for large-scale AM parts. These include steels, Ti, Al, Mg, Cu, Ni, Co-Cr and W alloys. Different post-processing steps, including heat treatments, are discussed, along with their microstructures. This paper finally addresses the authors' perspective on the future of the field and the largest knowledge gaps that need to be filled before the commercial implementation of robotic AM.

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Three-dimensional printing of tungsten structures by directed energy deposition

Cited by 43 publications

References 33 publications

Progress and Challenges of Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten and Alloys as Plasma-Facing Materials

Progress and Challenges of Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten and Alloys as Plasma-Facing Materials

Directed Energy Deposition via Artificial Intelligence‐Enabled Approaches

Large-scale metal additive manufacturing: a holistic review of the state of the art and challenges

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