Three-dimensional spatial distributions of agglomerated particles on and near the burning surface of aluminized solid propellant using morphological digital in-line holography

Jin, Bingning; Wang, Zhixin; Xu, Geng; Ao, Wen; Liu, Peijin

doi:10.1016/j.ast.2020.106066

Cited by 26 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In the C-D stage, also known as the gel stage [33], after prolonged heating, the buoyancy material underwent sufficient curing reactions. The non-uniform temperature and strain fields were measured by fs-FBG array, and the central wavelength of the fs-FBG array moved to the short wavelength direction [34]. In the final D-E stage, the high viscosity of the material increased the internal friction and hindered the progress of chemical reactions, which were mainly the physical crosslinking processes [35].…”

Section: Temperature and Strain Curing Curve Analysis Of Buoyancy Mat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain and Temperature Sensing Based on Different Temperature Coefficients fs-FBG Arrays for Intelligent Buoyancy Materials

Tian,

Lou,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Sensors

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The temperature and strain fields monitoring during the preparation process of buoyancy materials, as well as the health status after molding, are important for mastering the mechanical properties of buoyancy materials and ensuring the safety of operators and equipment. This paper proposes a short and high-density femtosecond fiber Bragg grating (fs-FBG) array based on different temperature coefficients fibers. By optimizing the parameters of femtosecond laser point-by-point writing technology, high-performance fs-FBG arrays with millimeter level gating length and millimeter level spatial resolution were prepared on two types of fibers. These were successfully embedded in buoyancy materials to achieve in-situ online monitoring of the curing process and after molding. The experimental results show that the fs-FBG array sensor has good anti-chirp performance and achieves online monitoring of millimeter-level spatial resolution. Intelligent buoyancy materials can provide real-time feedback on the health status of equipment in harsh underwater environments. The system can achieve temperature monitoring with an accuracy of 0.56 °C and deformation monitoring with sub-millimeter accuracy; the error is in the order of micrometers, which is of great significance in the field of deep-sea exploration.

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Section: Temperature and Strain Curing Curve Analysis Of Buoyancy Mat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain and Temperature Sensing Based on Different Temperature Coefficients fs-FBG Arrays for Intelligent Buoyancy Materials

Tian,

Lou,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Sensors

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“…In this work, the HTPB propellant was selected as the matrix material, which is a kind of common solid composite propellant. 38 Besides the HTPB prepolymer and TDI 39 that form the viscoelastic material matrix, some microscopic solid particles are functioned as fuels or oxidizers in the propellant through the addition of additives, such as AP, μAl, 40 and DOS. The substance of HTPB propellant curing is the interaction of HTPB and TDI to generate dense three-dimensional reticulation binder that holds the free solid particles together, and eventually forming a multiphase composite structure with the binder matrix as the continuous phase and the solid particles as the dispersed phase.…”

Section: Acsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Monitoring of Curing Reaction in Solid Composite Propellant with Fiber-Optic Sensors

et al. 2023

Self Cite

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Curing activity in the preparation of solid composite propellants determines the performance of solid rocket motors in operation. Limited by the lack of effective monitoring tools, the complete curing behavior and thermal-induced curing kinetics are rarely disclosed. It is still a challenge to monitor in situ and in real-time the physical and chemical cross-linking reaction during the curing of propellant. Herein, we demonstrate a promising approach based on optical fiber capable of being implanted inside the propellant to monitor the internal stress evolution during the curing process, by taking hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant as an example. Attributed to the strain and temperature sensitivity of a pair of optical fiber gratings, the thermal-assisted physico-chemical cross-linking states of curing process have been demonstrated in detail. By tracking the stress-induced wavelength shifts of fiber gratings and calculating the curing mechanism function, the complete curing roadmap, including the viscous flow stage, gel stage, hardening stage can be clearly revealed, and the curing completion times are obtained as 154, 81, and 40 h, at the curing temperatures of 60, 70, and 80 °C, respectively. The apparent activation energy of this curing system obtained by calculation is 73.88 kJ/mol. This flexible fiber-based sensor provides an effective tool for unraveling the cure kinetic mechanism, and paves a universal pathway to guide the preparation and applications of versatile composite materials for solid rocket motors.

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“…Energies 2023, 16, 4057 2 of 14 resulting in a large gap between the actual energy performance and the theoretical performance. In order to solve this problem, a large group of researchers and scholars have conducted studies on the ignition combustion characteristics of aluminum particles [7,8]. One of the microexplosion phenomena that occurs during the combustion of metal particles can improve the combustion efficiency and reduce the two-phase flow loss [9], which reduces the energy loss to a certain extent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Transformation of Combustion Mechanism and Ejection Phenomenon of Aluminum Particles in Methane Flame

Xi¹,

Li²,

Ma³

et al. 2023

Energies

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In solid propellants, the combustion of aluminum particles often occurs in a hydrocarbon combustion atmosphere. In order to study the combustion energy release process of aluminum particles during propellant combustion, we carried out a study of the combustion behavior of aluminum particles in the combustion atmosphere of hydrocarbon fuels and conducted experiments using a plane flame burner to observe the combustion process of aluminum particles in a methane plane flame combustion atmosphere. High-speed microscopy revealed a new special combustion phenomenon: ejection combustion with the release of internal components from a point on the particle at high speed, in addition to the already observed particle microexplosions. Both phenomena show faster-than-normal combustion with short combustion energy release times. The experiments also showed that the combustion behavior of aluminum particles changes with the combustion environment. As the ambient effective oxidizer mole fraction increases from 13% to 29%, the basic combustion behavior of aluminum particles changes from vapor evaporation combustion to multiphase surface combustion. In addition, the percentage of aluminum particles burned by ejection increases from 18.2% to 49.2%, which becomes the dominant mechanism in the special combustion phenomenon of aluminum particles. This paper argues that the multiphase surface combustion provides higher heating rates due to the heat production collected on the particles and the diffusion combustion in the air around the aluminum particles, compared with the evaporation combustion. Therefore, the rate of temperature rise within the particle is affected by the ambient oxidant concentration, leading to a transformation from microexplosion to ejection combustion. The effect of the temperature of the combustion environment on this phenomenon has also been investigated through experiments conducted under different conditions.

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Three-dimensional spatial distributions of agglomerated particles on and near the burning surface of aluminized solid propellant using morphological digital in-line holography

Cited by 26 publications

References 35 publications

Strain and Temperature Sensing Based on Different Temperature Coefficients fs-FBG Arrays for Intelligent Buoyancy Materials

Strain and Temperature Sensing Based on Different Temperature Coefficients fs-FBG Arrays for Intelligent Buoyancy Materials

In Situ Monitoring of Curing Reaction in Solid Composite Propellant with Fiber-Optic Sensors

Study on the Transformation of Combustion Mechanism and Ejection Phenomenon of Aluminum Particles in Methane Flame

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