Three‐dimensional studies of resorption spaces and developing osteons

Tappen, N. C.

doi:10.1002/aja.1001490302

Cited by 62 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Right-angle nodes are better explained by the intersection of the cutting cone with a periosteal-derived canal lying in a transverse plane [22,23]. Resorption spaces with cutting cones at both ends have been reported [6,31], and this observation could be consistent with the histologically documented canals dug by a cutting cone entering through the endosteal surface and then forming a ''T'' bifurcation with one proximally and the other distally directed arm [22] (Fig. 11A).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The application of different methods of study based on histology [5,9,18,30,31] or micro-CT [6,7] has led to several three-dimensional models of the canal network. These reconstructions can be useful to give a general view of the architecture of the system but are limited by the loss of morphologic details and the sense of temporal development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomy of the Intracortical Canal System: Scanning Electron Microscopy Study in Rabbit Femur

Pazzaglia

Congiu

Raspanti

et al. 2009

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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The current model of compact bone is that of a system of longitudinal (Haversian) canals connected by transverse (Volkmann's) canals. Models based on histology or microcomputed tomography lack the morphologic detail and sense of temporal development provided by direct observation. Using direct scanning electron microscopy observation, we studied the bone surface and structure of the intracortical canal system in paired fractured surfaces in rabbit femurs, examining density of canal openings on periosteal and endosteal surfaces, internal network nodes and canal sizes, and collagen lining of the inner canal system. The blood supply of the diaphyseal compact bone entered the cortex through the canal openings on the endosteal and periosteal surfaces, with different morphologic features in the midshaft and distal shaft; their density was higher on endosteal than on periosteal surfaces in the midshaft but with no major differences among subregions. The circumference measurements along Haversian canals documented a steady reduction behind the head of the cutting cone but rather random variations as the distance from the head increased. These observations suggested discontinuous development and variable lamellar apposition rate of osteons in different segments of their trajectory. The frequent branching and types of network nodes suggested substantial osteonal plasticity and supported the model of a network organization. The collagen fibers of the canal wall were organized in intertwined, longitudinally oriented bundles with 0.1-to 0.5-lm holes connecting the canal lumen with the osteocyte canalicular system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of the Intracortical Canal System: Scanning Electron Microscopy Study in Rabbit Femur

Pazzaglia

Congiu

Raspanti

et al. 2009

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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“…In 3D, Haversian systems are branched structures as clearly evidenced by previous reports (Cohen and Harris, 1958;Stout et al, 1999;Tappen, 1977). If such branched systems were to be activated as a single entity then a cross-section would give the appearance of the canals being clustered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Super‐osteons (remodeling clusters) in the cortex of the femoral shaft: Influence of age and gender

et al. 2001

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Previous studies of cortical remodeling in the fractured femoral neck indicated that the merging of spatially clustered remodeling osteons could result in the formation of deleteriously large cavities associated with femoral neck fracture. This study aimed to identify whether remodeling osteons in the femoral shaft were also clustered and to assess the influence of age and gender. Microradiographic images of femoral mid-shaft cross-sections from 66 subjects over 21 years of age were analyzed to determine the number, size and location of all Haversian canals. Those most recently remodeled were identified using an edge-detection algorithm highlighting the most marked differential gradients in grey levels. Cluster analysis (JMP software) of these osteons identified the proportion of recently remodeled osteons that were within 0.75mm clusters. As in the femoral neck, remodeling osteons were significantly more clustered than could occur by chance (real, 59.4%; random, 39.4%; P Ͻ 0.0001). The density of these clusters (number/mm 2 ) was not significantly associated with subject age or gender but was greatest near the periosteum and decreased toward the marrow cavity (periosteal 0.043 Ϯ 0.004; mid-cortex 0.028 Ϯ 0.003; endosteal 0.017 Ϯ 0.002). Cortical porosity increased with age. The presence of giant canals (diameter Ͼ385 m) was inversely related to the presence of clusters (R 2 ϭ 0.237, P Ͻ 0.0001). This data suggest that remodeling osteons tend to be spatially colocalized in the shaft as they are in the neck of the femur and their presence is independent of age or gender. We propose that these remodeling clusters be termed super-osteons. The negative relationship between super-osteons and giant canals raises the intriguing possibility that loss of the control of remodeling depth results in the merging of osteonal systems to form deleteriously large cortical cavities with a marked reduction in bone strength. Anat Rec 264: 378 -386, 2001.

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“…Further, cortical pore structure is dynamic, becoming increasingly interconnected and convoluted as age progresses. [10][11][12][13][14] Cortical pore structure 12,13,[15][16][17] and its relationship to biomechanical parameters 18 and fracture 19,20 have been studied extensively in the human femoral neck and shaft. At this site spatial clustering of remodeling osteons leads to merging of osteonal canals, producing "giant canals."…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Threedimensional reconstructions of serial sections led to a new understanding of the branching patterns and remodeling processes of the cortex. 10,11 Today micro computed tomography (μCT)-particularly with a synchrotron radiation sourceenables 3D visualization of cortical porosity in biopsy or cadaver specimens at spatial resolutions reaching the nanometer level. 26,27 Data produced by these techniques have been quantified using 3D structural parameters adapted from established analogs in trabecular bone morphology 16,18,[28][29][30] Applied to Volkmann's and Haversian canals, trabecular thickness becomes canal diameter (Ca.Dm) and is the most commonly assessed porosity structure parameter; however, Ca.Dm cannot capture topological shifts such as may occur as discrete tubular canals merge to create wide, planar pores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural analysis of cortical porosity applied to HR-pQCT data

et al. 2013

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Purpose:The investigation of cortical porosity is an important aspect of understanding biological, pathoetiological, and biomechanical processes occurring within the skeleton. With the emergence of HR-pQCT as a noninvasive tool suitable for clinical use, cortical porosity at appendicular sites can be directly visualized in vivo. The aim of this study was to introduce a novel topological analysis of the cortical pore network for HR-pQCT data and determine the influence of resolution on measures of cortical pore network microstructure and topology. Methods: Cadaveric radii were scanned using HR-pQCT at two different voxel sizes (41 and 82 μm) and also using μCT at a voxel size of 18 μm. HR-pQCT and μCT image sets were spatially coregistered. Segmentation and quantification of cortical porosity (Ct.Po) and mean pore diameter (Ct.Po.Dm) were achieved using an established extended cortical analysis technique. Topological classification of individual pores was performed using topology-preserving skeletonization and multicolor dilation algorithms. Based on the pore skeleton topological classification, the following parameters were quantified: total number of planar surface-skeleton canals (N.Slabs), tubular curve-skeleton canals (N.Tubes), and junction elements (N.Junctions), mean slab volume (Slab.Vol), mean tube volume (Tube.Vol), mean slab orientation (Slab.θ ), mean tube orientation (Tube.θ ), N.Slabs/N.Tubes, and integral (total) slab volume/integral tube volume (iSlab.Vol/iTube.Vol). An in vivo reproducibility study was also conducted to assess short-term precision of the topology parameters. Precision error was characterized using root mean square coefficient of variation (RMSCV%). , though proportional bias was evident in these correlations. Weak correlations were seen for iSlab.Vol/iTube.Vol at both voxel sizes (41: r 2 = 0.52, p < 0.01; 82: r 2 = 0.39, p < 0.05). Slab.Vol was significantly correlated to μCT data at 41 μm (r 2 = 0.60, p < 0.01) but not at 82 μm, while Tube.Vol was significantly correlated at both voxel sizes (41: r 2 = 0.79, p < 0.001; 82: r 2 = 0.68, p < 0.01). In vivo precision error for these parameters ranged from 2.31 to 9.68 RMSCV%. Conclusions: Strong correlations between μCT-and HR-pQCT-derived measurements were found, particularly in HR-pQCT images obtained at 41 μm. These data are in agreement with our previous study investigating the effect of voxel size on standard HR-pQCT metrics of trabecular and cortical microstructure, and extend our previous findings to include topological descriptors of the cortical pore network.

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Three‐dimensional studies of resorption spaces and developing osteons

Cited by 62 publications

References 15 publications

Anatomy of the Intracortical Canal System: Scanning Electron Microscopy Study in Rabbit Femur

Anatomy of the Intracortical Canal System: Scanning Electron Microscopy Study in Rabbit Femur

Super‐osteons (remodeling clusters) in the cortex of the femoral shaft: Influence of age and gender

Structural analysis of cortical porosity applied to HR-pQCT data

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