Three‑Dimensional Ultrasonography in Preoperative and Postoperative Volume Assessment of the Undescended Testicle

You, Jian-Hong; Zhuang, Yifan; Lu, Mingzhu; Chen, Ling; Chen, Ze-Kun; Chen, Xiaokang

doi:10.12659/msm.924325

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Compared with 2DUS volume, 3DUS volume were significantly smaller and had a narrower 95% LOA. It suggested that volume measured by 2DUS was overestimated, and volume measured by 3DUS was more reliable than those obtained by 2DUS, which was consistent with previous studies [ 21 , 25 , 26 ]. These results can be explained by the different measurement methods of the two modalities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Inter-observer variation in two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound measurement of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

Yan,

Ren,

et al. 2023

Cancer Imaging

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Backgrounds The reliable ultrasound (US) measurements of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) are very important during active surveillance. This prospective study was design to investigate the inter-observer reliability and agreement of two- dimensional ultrasound(2DUS) and three-dimensional ultrasound(3DUS) in the measurement of maximum diameter and volume for PTMC. Methods This prospective study included 51 consecutive patients with solitary PTMC confirmed by biopsy. Two independent observers performed measurements of each tumor using a standardized measurement protocol. The maximum diameter was the largest one of the three diameters measured on the largest transverse and longitudinal 2DUS images. 2DUS volume was calculated using ellipsoid formula method. The virtual organ computer aided analysis(VOCAL) was used to determine 3DUS volume. The inter-observer reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) with 95% confidence intervals(CIs). Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate agreement, and expressed as a bias with 95% limits of agreement(LOA). Results The maximum diameter was 0.78 ± 0.14 cm. Volume measured by 3DUS was significantly smaller than that by 2DUS(0.163 ± 0.074 cm3 vs. 0.175 ± 0.078 cm3, P = 0.005). The ICCs of inter-observer reliability of maximum diameter, 2DUS volume and 3DUS volume was 0.922(0.864–0.955), 0.928(0.874–0.959), and 0.974(0.955–0.985), respectively. The ICCs of 2DUS and 3DUS volume was 0.955(0.909–0.976). The inter-observer agreement of maximum diameter, 2DUS volume and 3DUS volume was 1.096(0.7322 to 1.459), 1.008(0.5802–1.435), and 1.011(0.7576–1.265), respectively. The inter-observer agreement of 2DUS and 3DUS volume was 1.096(0.7322 to 1.459). Conclusion Maximum diameter had the lowest degree of observer variation among all the measurements. Volume measured by 3DUS had lower variability and higher repeatability than that by 2DUS, which might be helpful to provide more reliable estimates of tumor size for PTMC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Inter-observer variation in two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound measurement of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

Yan,

Ren,

et al. 2023

Cancer Imaging

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“…However, TAI has been reported to differ in unilateral cryptorchid boys younger than 1 year of age compared to those older than 1 year of age. 2 The difference in the present study lies in the analysis of the correlation between TAI and age in boys with a unilateral cryptorchid testis, and then the difference of the above correlation is found between 6–24 months and 25–53 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“… 10 The TAIs of cryptorchid testes were calculated as follows: TAI = (contralateral testis volume − affected testis volume)/contralateral testis volume. 2 8 11 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cryptorchidism is a common condition in children; 1 it refers to a testis that does not descend into the scrotum. These undescended testes are low in volume, 2 3 4 which is associated with decreased reproductive function. 5 6 7 In cases of unilateral cryptorchidism, normal testes opposite the cryptorchid testes can be used as a control reference to evaluate their growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of trends in testicular atrophy index values with age in patients with unilateral palpable cryptorchidism

Huang

Liu

2022

Asian Journal of Andrology

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Cryptorchidism affects the growth of testicular volume. Testicular volume is associated with reproductive function. The testicular atrophy index evaluates the degree of damage caused by cryptorchidism, but it remains unclear whether changes in testicular atrophy index are related to age. We selected patients who underwent surgery for unilateral palpable cryptorchidism. Testicular volume was measured using ultrasonography. The testicular atrophy indices of the undescended testes were then reviewed, and their correlation with age was analyzed. We studied 228 cases (age range: 6–53 months). Scatter plots were constructed, and Loess curves were fitted, revealing a turning point at 24 months of age. The patients were divided into age groups of 6–24 months and 25–53 months. The testicular volume of the cryptorchid side was smaller than that of the normal side in both groups (both P < 0.001). In the 6–24-month group, the testicular atrophy index was positively correlated with age, testicular volume on the cryptorchid side was not correlated with age, and testicular volume was positively correlated with age on the normal side. In the 25–53-month group, testicular atrophy index and testicular volumes on either side were not correlated with age. A palpable unilateral cryptorchid testis is smaller than the contralateral testis. The testicular atrophy index increases with age between 6 months and 24 months, but not between 25 months and 53 months. Testicular volume increased with age on the normal side between 6 months and 24 months, but not on the cryptorchid side. Trends in testicular atrophy index with age contribute to the decision of operation time.

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“…The researchers believe that although diagnostic imaging plays a limited role in the routine evaluation of most children with cryptorchidism, ultrasonography can help to identify the possible Mullerian structures in children with sexual development disorders or hypospadias complicated with cryptorchidism. In 2020, You et al ( 21 ) reported a study on the clinical value of measuring ultrasonic activity and the testicular atrophy index (TAI) by three-dimensional ultrasound imaging in the pre-operative and post-operative evaluation of cryptorchidism. The results showed that the TAI can objectively reflect the recovery of testicular volume after cryptorchidism surgery, and the evaluation of ultrasonic activity is helpful for the clinical treatment of the disease.…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Cryptorchidismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open controversies on the treatment of undescended testis: An update

et al. 2022

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Cryptorchidism is a common congenital malformation in pediatric urology. Although there have been many studies on the etiology of the disease, it has not been fully clarified, and while its diagnostic and treatment models have gradually approached standardization and systematization, some controversies regarding treatment remain. Additionally, although ultrasound is a non-invasive examination without ionizing radiation, its role in the evaluation of cryptorchidism remains controversial. The main basis for treating cryptorchidism is orchidopexy, and the main view on treatment age is that treatment should be performed between 6 and 12 months after birth, but no more than 18 months after birth. The view on hormone therapy is still controversial because most scholars believe that early surgery is the key to treatment. There are many surgical treatment methods for cryptorchidism, including traditional open surgery and laparoscopic surgery, which provide satisfactory results. In conclusion, the treatment of undescended testis (UDT) had been largely standardized, apart from the treatment of high intra-abdominal testis (IAT), which remains a matter of debate.

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Three‑Dimensional Ultrasonography in Preoperative and Postoperative Volume Assessment of the Undescended Testicle

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Inter-observer variation in two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound measurement of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

Inter-observer variation in two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound measurement of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

Analysis of trends in testicular atrophy index values with age in patients with unilateral palpable cryptorchidism

Open controversies on the treatment of undescended testis: An update

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