5.1 IntroductionThe aim of this chapter is to provide details of a new class of nanosensor based on mesoporous silica monoliths with cage -like pores as carriers. Comprehensive up -to -date information is provided regarding the environmental chemistry and toxicity of mercury, antimony, cadmium and lead, in the quest to design simple, eco -friendly and smart sensing systems. A critical review of the literature is also provided in terms of the chemical toxicity of mercury, antimony, cadmium and lead, and their treatments with different processes and under varying environmental conditions.In order to provide a simple, yet general, design for optical nanosensors based on a dense pattern of immobilized hydrophobic ' neutral ' and/or hydrophilic ' charged ' chromophores that are both mobile and robust, with three -dimensional (3 -D) nanoscale structure, attention was focused on the highly toxic ions of mercury, antimony, cadmium and lead. Initially, the basic concept of optical nanosensor schemes is outlined, in addition to details of the toxicity and deleterious effects of these metal ions. We then describe the sensing methods used to quantify trace elements, and the general design of optical nanosensors based on mesoporous silica monoliths. The optical sensing and one -step visual detection of Hg 2+ , Sb 3+ , Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ ions, without need for sophisticated instruments and quantitative calibration of nanosensors, are evaluated. The potential of nanosensors in the visual detection of these toxic ions, as well as the advantages of nanosensor designs in terms of the retention of uniformity of nanosensor cage -like sinks, the rapid response of metal ion -sensing systems, the stability of monolithic nanosensors, the reversibility of metal ion -sensing systems and optical selective nanosensor for monitoring trace levels of toxic ions, are each discussed. Ultimately, it is likely that these sensing systems will be employed in basic laboratory set -ups, in fi eld measurements using portable devices, and for household uses as commercial indicators.