Three Drinking-Water–Associated Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks, Northern Ireland

Glaberman, Scott; Moore, John E.; Lowery, Colm; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Sulaiman, Irshad M.; Elwin, Kristin; Rooney, Paul J.; Millar, B. Cherie; Dooley, James; Lal, Altaf A.; Xiao, Lihua

doi:10.3201/eid0806.010368

Cited by 216 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Changes in the epidemiology are more readily observed and investigated (Smerdon et al, 2003;Hunter et al, 2003;Sopwith et al, 2005). Analytical epidemiological studies have identified specific risk factors for sporadic cases: contact with farmed animals for C. parvum and travel abroad, changing nappies and contact with another infected person for C. hominis (Hunter et al, 2004a) and linked species to socio-economic factors is not clear (Glaberman et al, 2002), and it is important that this is underpinned by routine species identification to establish the background epidemiology. The infecting species has been identified in a large number of outbreaks worldwide, and C. parvum and/or C. hominis are always involved Nichols et al, 2006a).…”

Section: Th Emop August 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further characterisation of Cryptosporidium oocysts from both patients and suspected sources and vehicles of transmission is an important investigative tool during outbreaks. Not only have potential sources been better defined, for example identifying human sewage as the potential contaminant over agricultural pollution (Glaberman et al, 2002) but also the relationship between source, supply and human cases and isolates circulating in the community in general (Zhou et al, 2003;Cohen et al, 2006;Anon 2006;Chalmers et al, 2008). However, Cryptosporidium presents three main problems for the isolation of DNA: 1) the robust nature of the oocysts, requiring a disruption step prior to DNA extraction; 2) the richness of PCR inhibitors in the sample matrix, requiring separation during DNA extraction and/or suppression during amplification; and 3) the low number of oocysts usually present in prospectively gathered and environmental samples.…”

Section: Th Emop August 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptosporidium: from laboratory diagnosis to surveillance and outbreaks

2008

Parasite

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Summary :The burden of disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is unknown. However, routine laboratory diagnosis and surveillance enables the basic epidemiology to be described, changes to be monitored and under-ascertainment to be measured. Although the two main species involved in human disease in developed countries, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis, have differing epidemiologies and risk factors, national surveillance is generally from isolates identified to the genus level only. Enhancing the data by typing, at least to identify the isolates to the species level, removes some of the noise generated and better identifies the risks than when reports are not species-specific. This level of identification is also valuable for outbreak investigations, but further investigation of the population genetics of C. parvum and C. hominis is required for the development of more readily applied subtyping tools.

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Section: Th Emop August 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Th Emop August 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium: from laboratory diagnosis to surveillance and outbreaks

2008

Parasite

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“…Sequences of parC and parE genes were the same as in a ciprofl oxacin-susceptible isolate tested. The association of the Cip-R phenotype with mutations in gyrA was confi rmed by transformation into the susceptible isolate by using appropriate PCR products (9). In addition to the common Thr91 → Ile substitution, the 3 Cip-R isolates were distinguishable by additional gyrA alterations or phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

RareCryptosporidium hominisSubtype Associated with Aquatic Center Use

Ong

Chow

Gustafson

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…and Cryptosporidium spp. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. These outbreaks have often been associated with recreational water (lakes, swimming pools, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major focus has been on water supply contaminated with enteric bacteria, virus and parasites from animals and humans [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], which have caused several large and serious outbreaks of intestinal infections [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. These outbreaks have mainly been caused by Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Norwalk-like virus, Giardia spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-Borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

Andersen¹,

Høg²,

Joensen³

2017

JLS

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Drinking water may be a risk factor for human infections if the water supply is contaminated with biofilm producing bacteria such as Legionella pneumophilae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several situations have to be considered when water supply to new buildings is planned. The aim of this paper is to review situations that have to be considered in new buildings and give an example on a new water supply contaminated with biofilm producing water bacteria and the precautions introduced to eliminate the contamination. When new buildings are planned it should be considered where to get the water and what is the microbiological quality of the water. If the water is contaminated there will be troubles from the beginning. The material for the pipes should be considered as biofilm which is produced in greater amounts and faster in PEG pipes than in stainless steel pipes. The choice of material depends on the expected lifetime of the building, the dimensions of the pipes, and the choice of forceps, how often the taps are used and thereby the flow in the system. The higher flow the less and slower biofilm formation. It is important to reduce the number of taps to a minimum to ovoid "dead ends" if they are not or only seldom used. Alternatively all taps could be opened automatically regularly. It is important to establish precautions to ovoid contamination of the water system in the period from when it is established until the building is taken in use. The period can be several months during which the system can act as a "dead end" if no precautions, such as regularly opening of all taps, are taken. The microbiological quality of the water in the system should be controlled before the building is taken in use. In a new building, where the water supply and the water in the building was not controlled before the building was taken in use, extremely high total and Legionella germ counts were found. The water was disinfected with low concentrations of chloride with very little effect. After disinfection with high concentrations of chloride for few hours and placing a sterile filter at the water entrance both the total and Legionella germ count decreased to an acceptable level.

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Three Drinking-Water–Associated Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks, Northern Ireland

Cited by 216 publications

References 13 publications

Cryptosporidium: from laboratory diagnosis to surveillance and outbreaks

Cryptosporidium: from laboratory diagnosis to surveillance and outbreaks

RareCryptosporidium hominisSubtype Associated with Aquatic Center Use

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-Borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

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