Three experiments using an algorithm for empathic responses.

Shaffer, Warren F.; Hummel, Thomas J.

doi:10.1037/0022-0167.26.4.279

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Despite challenges concerning whether empathy can be taught (Carkhuff & Berenson, 1967;Davis, 1980;Hatcher et al, 1994;Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972), empathy training typically attempts to teach two skills: understanding another's thoughts and feelings and communicating this understanding to a client (Truax & Carkhuff, 1967;Carkhuff, 1969). Researchers have studied a variety of techniques for teaching empathy, including verbal instruction (Shaffer & Hummel, 1979), role-playing (Guzzetta, 1976;Stone & Vance, 1976), videotape (Dalton & Sunblad, 1976;Eisenberg & Delaney, 1970), audiotape (Perry, 1975), written and taped patient session transcripts (Finke, 1990), communication skills training (Evans, Stanley, & Burrows, 1993), a Rogerian-based curriculum in peer facilitation training (Hatcher et al, 1994), peer mediation (Lane-Garon, 1998), and an empathy training game that focuses on competition and enjoyment to increase trainee motivation and interest (Barak et al, 1987). The lack of agreement on the definition of empathy and a reliable way to measure it has hindered the adoption of conclusions from this research about how best to train empathy (Evans et al, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Empathic Accuracy Through Practice and Feedback in a Clinical Interviewing Course

Barone¹,

Hutchings²,

Kimmel³

et al. 2005

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

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Accurate empathy, long argued to be important in psychotherapy, now is an object of social-cognitive research. Graduate-level psychology students viewed brief portions of a therapy session and inferred the thoughts and feelings of the client. Accuracy scores were the rated similarity of their inferences to the client's reported thoughts and feelings. Throughout the semester course in interviewing, experimental participants practiced such judgments with feedback, while controls did not. Both groups' accuracy increased from pre-to post-test on inferred feelings, in part because the post-test was easier. Nonetheless, experimental participants on the post-test had greater accuracy of inferred feelings than controls. Women were more accurate than men in inferences for thoughts at post-test. Implications for training and future research are discussed.Empathy is a factor common to most theoretical orientations in clinical/counseling psychology as a means of increasing practitioners' effectiveness (Truax & Carkhuff, 1967). Empathy usually is conceptualized as a skill that can be developed and learned if properly instructed. The

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confidence: 99%

Increasing Empathic Accuracy Through Practice and Feedback in a Clinical Interviewing Course

Barone¹,

Hutchings²,

Kimmel³

et al. 2005

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

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“…These features create the possibility of doing research with well-defined terms under controlled conditions. The development of CLIENT 1 has led to experiments that test procedures for directing novice counselors in responding empathically (Shaffer & Hummel, 1979). This use of a computer program as a client provides an exciting direction for counseling research by providing rigorously controlled experimental conditions.…”

Section: Counseling and Naturalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Intelligence: Implications for the Future of Counseling

Sharf

1985

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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“…Through a better understanding of the logic and the cognitive processing effective counselors use in working with clients, it is hoped that more effective and efficient counseling and training strategies can be developed. Several studies have already been carried out in this regard, and initial algorithms for recognizing and responding to affect and for generating appropriate interpretations have been developed and are being used (e.g., Hummel, 1976;Shaffer & Hummel, 1979).…”

Section: Uses In Counselor Education and Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

CLIENT 1: A Computer Simulation for Use in Counselor Education and Research

Lichtenberg

Hummel²,

Shaffer

1984

Couns Edu & Supervision

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CLIENT 1 is an interactive program that was designed to simulate client behavior in an initial interview and to provide a standardized environment for training and research on counselor problem-solving strategies. Through interaction with the computerized client, counselors attempt to facilitate client movement toward the goal of verbalizing a specific problem statement. Client movement is a function of the appropriateness and accuracy of counselor statements, the threat value associated with both client and counselor statements, the strength of the relationship between the counselor and client, and an index of counselor expertise. The uses of the simulation in counselor education and research are discussed.People are confronted with problems when they want something and do not know immediately what series of actions they can and should take to get it (Newel1 & Simon, 1972). Within the broad framework of counseling, the concept of a problem takes on a hierarchy of meanings. At the first level of meaning, clients can be seen as having problems-they are confronted with personal, social, educational, and vocational dilemmas for which solutions are desired but for which steps toward the solution are unclear. At the next level of meaning, counselors have problemsspecifically, they are confronted with the problem of determining the appropriate series of actions through which they can help their clients resolve the problems they present. Finally, as counselor educators and supervisors, we may be seen as being confronted with the problem of James W .

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Three experiments using an algorithm for empathic responses.

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Increasing Empathic Accuracy Through Practice and Feedback in a Clinical Interviewing Course

Increasing Empathic Accuracy Through Practice and Feedback in a Clinical Interviewing Course

Artificial Intelligence: Implications for the Future of Counseling

CLIENT 1: A Computer Simulation for Use in Counselor Education and Research

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