Three extreme storms over Europe in December 1999

Ulbrich, Uwe; Fink, Andreas H.; Klawa, Matthias; Pinto, Joaquim G.

doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06540.x

Cited by 174 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In addition, there are approximately three times the number of very large AMxSHW values (all of which have been doublechecked to be correctly represented in our data sets). Average values are again larger during set 4, partly due to recent events in 1997 (the 'Christmas Eve Surge') and 1999 (storm 'Anatol' on 3 December, Ulbrich et al, 2001).…”

Section: Amxshwmentioning

confidence: 94%

Changes in extreme high waters at Liverpool since 1768

Woodworth

Blackman

2002

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Changes in values of annual maximum high water (AMxHW), annual maximum surge-at-high-water (AMxSHW) and surge at annual maximum high water (SAMxHW) have been investigated using tide gauge data from Liverpool for the period 1768-1999. AMxHW and SAMxHW (measured with respect to mean high water) were found to vary considerably from year to year, but to exhibit no long-term change over the 232 years. On the other hand, values of AMxSHW were found to be larger in the late-18th, late-19th and late-20th centuries than for most of the 20th century, qualitatively consistent with knowledge of temporal variations in storminess in the region based on meteorological data and anecdotal information. The generalized extreme value method was used to present the available data on AMxHW and other annual extreme parameters in the 'return period' form most often employed by coastal engineers, with conclusions on the differences between each set of parameters in each epoch consistent with those obtained from the original time series. Finally, changes in the statistical distribution of surge-at-high-water (SHW), demonstrated by investigation of variations of percentile levels of SHW values, provided additional information on the temporal variations in extreme surges to that provided by AMxSHW values, pointing in particular to increased storminess during the late-18th and late-20th centuries, with a suggested secular trend in distribution shape from the late-18th century until recent decades.

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Section: Amxshwmentioning

confidence: 94%

Changes in extreme high waters at Liverpool since 1768

Woodworth

Blackman

2002

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…Explosive cyclogenesis requires extremely high levels of baroclinicity near the cyclone track (Ulbrich et al, 2001) and/or extremely strong release of latent heat (Zhu and Newell 2000;Wernli et al 2002). Cold air encircling the bomb's center at low altitudes pushes the warmer air up in a spiral-like way (Lemaître et al, 1999), which sometimes c European Geosciences Union 2003 970 A.…”

Section: Meteorological Bombsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid intercontinental air pollution transport associated with a meteorological bomb

Stohl

Huntrieser²,

Richter

et al. 2003

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.Intercontinental transport (ICT) of trace substances normally occurs on timescales ranging from a few days to several weeks. In this paper an extraordinary episode in November 2001 is presented, where pollution transport across the North Atlantic took only about one day. The transport mechanism, termed here an intercontinental pollution express highway because of the high wind speeds, was exceptional, as it involved an explosively generated cyclone, a so-called meteorological "bomb". To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study describing pollution transport in a bomb. The discovery of this event was based on tracer transport model calculations and satellite measurements of NO 2 , a species with a relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere, which could be transported that far only because of the high wind speeds produced by the bomb. A 15-year transport climatology shows that intercontinental express highways are about four times more frequent in winter than in summer, in agreement with bomb climatologies. The climatology furthermore suggests that intercontinental express highways may be important for the budget of short-lived substances in the remote troposphere. For instance, for a substance with a lifetime of 1 day, express highways may be responsible for about two thirds of the total ICT. We roughly estimate that express highways connecting North America with Europe enhance the average NO x mixing ratios over Europe, due to North American emissions, by about 2-3 pptv in winter.

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“…It has been shown that latent heating can significantly influence the evolution and deepening of some of the most damaging storms (e.g., Ulbrich et al 2001;Liberato et al 2011) and has been shown to influence frontal structure and propagation around ETCs (see Posselt and Martin 2004;Reeves and Lackmann 2004). Therefore the fidelity with which processes associated with latent heating in ETCs are simulated in climate models play an important role in their ability to represent the climate of the extratropics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Using satellite and reanalysis data to evaluate the representation of latent heating in extratropical cyclones in a climate model

et al. 2016

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exhibit biases in cloud structure, with more clouds at lower altitudes than those observed in ISCCP in the warm conveyor belt region. As a result, latent heat release in ERAI is concentrated at lower altitudes. CloudSat indicates that much precipitation may be produced at too low an altitude in both HiGEM and ERAI, particularly ERAI, and neither capture observed variability in precipitation intensity. The potential vorticity structure in composite extratropical cyclones in HiGEM and ERAI is also compared. A more pronounced tropopause ridge evolves in HiGEM on the leading edge of the composite as compared to ERAI. One future area of research to be addressed is what impact these biases in the representation of latent heating have on climate projections produced by HiGEM. The biases found in ERAI indicate caution is required when using reanalyses to study cloud features and precipitation processes in extratropical cyclones or using reanalysis to evaluate climate models' ability to represent their structure.

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Three extreme storms over Europe in December 1999

Cited by 174 publications

References 14 publications

Changes in extreme high waters at Liverpool since 1768

Changes in extreme high waters at Liverpool since 1768

Rapid intercontinental air pollution transport associated with a meteorological bomb

Using satellite and reanalysis data to evaluate the representation of latent heating in extratropical cyclones in a climate model

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