Three-gene phylogeny of the genusArthroderma: Basis for future taxonomic studies

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec> <jats:label /> <jats:p>Arthroderma is the most diverse genus among dermatophytes encompassing species occurring in soil, caves, animal burrows, clinical material and other environments. In this study, we collected ex-type, reference and authentic strains of all currently accepted Arthroderma species and generated sequences of three highly variable loci (ITS rDNA, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α). The number of accepted species was expanded to 27. One novel species, A. melbournense (ex-type strain CCF 6162T = CBS 145858T), is described. This species was isolated from toenail dust collected by a podiatrist in Melbourne, during an epidemiological study of four geographical regions of Eastern Australia. Trichophyton terrestre, Chrysosporium magnisporum, and Chrysosporium oceanitis are transferred to Arthroderma. Typification is provided for T. terrestre that is not conspecific with any of the supposed biological species from the former T. terrestre complex, that is, A. insingulare, A. lenticulare and A. quadrifidum. A multi-gene phylogeny and reference sequences provided in this study should serve as a basis for future phylogenetic studies and facilitate species identification in practice.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Lay abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The genus Arthroderma encompasses geophilic dermatophyte species that infrequently cause human and animal superficial infections. Reference sequences from three genetic loci were generated for all currently accepted Arthroderma species and phylogeny was constructed. Several taxonomic novelties are introduced. The newly provided data will facilitate species identification and future taxonomic studies.</jats:p> </jats:sec>

Microbial diversity and proxy species for human impact in Italian karst caves

“…7 A) tourist caves were especially characterized by an higher significant presence of dermatophytes with the genus Trichosporon (Bossea 0.26%, Vento 0.084%, Caudano 0.0054% and Pertosa-Auletta 0.0001%, vs. 0% in Costacalda; p < 0.05) and Cutaneotrichosporon on average 0.05% for the show-caves, vs. 0% in Costacalda (p < 0.05). The genus Arthroderma , here recorded in all caves analyzed, is instead a geophilic dermatophyte mostly occurring in soil, but also frequent in cave environments, and it is rarely associated with human and animal cutaneous infections 19 . Moreover, Malassezia spp., here mainly found in human impacted caves (Bossea 0.07%, Caudano 1.02%, Pertosa-Auletta 1.10% and Vento 1.30%, vs. Costacalda 0.15%; p > 0.05), currently exist as a commensal fungi of the mammalian skin, and associated with atopic dermatitis in inflammatory skin disorders only.…”

Phylogenetic and ecological reevaluation of the order Onygenales

“…Two strains deposited as Onygena corvina CBS 225.60 and CBS 281.48 (LSU MH869510 and FJ358287,respectively), were misidentified. Both strains showed 100% LSU identity with Arthroderma crocatum, type strain IHEM 5251, KT155108 (Hainsworth et al 2021). This was confirmed by CBS 225.60 having 99.6% ITS identity with A. crocatum CBS 130.70 (AJ877223).…”

Wild rodents harbour high diversity of Arthroderma

“…Principally, we followed the workflow of Réblová et al (2021a , b ). To study Arthroderma diversity among environmental sequences, the full-length ITS1+5.8S and ITS2 sequences of all Arthroderma species from Hainsworth et al (2021) (hereafter referred to as the ‘reference dataset’) were searched against the GlobalFungi Database release 3 (data from 36684 samples, 367 studies and 582264149 ITS1 and 526638147 ITS2 sequences; the list of studies queried is provided in Table S1 ) using the BLAST algorithm. For each sequence, the first 500 top matches, representing haplotypes with 85–100 % sequence similarity, were downloaded and the dataset was dereplicated (i.e., identical sequences were removed) ( Table S2 ).…”

“…A substantial number of dermatophytes isolated from rodents belong to the genus Arthroderma ( Mantovani et al 1982 , Chabasse et al 1987 , Gallo et al 2005 , Papini et al 2008 ), which also represents the most diverse genus of dermatophytes. Recently, several novel species were described ( Brasch & Gräser 2005 , Hubka et al 2015 , Lorch et al 2015 , Brasch et al 2019 , Hainsworth et al 2021 ) and phylogenetic relationships in the genus were resolved by Hainsworth et al (2021) .…”

“…Soil is widely considered to be the natural reservoir of fungi in the genus Arthroderma ( De Hoog et al 2017 , Hainsworth et al 2021 ). However, Arthroderma species are frequently isolated from hairs, nests, and burrows of animals and occasionally from human clinical material as well ( Dawson 1963 , Hubálek et al 1979 , Hubka et al 2014a , Hainsworth et al 2021 ). The degree to which Arthroderma flourishes in soil in the absence of animal-derived keratin is unknown.…”