Three genetically distinct clades of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes scapularis

Trost, Chantel N.; Lindsay, L. Robbin; Dibernardo, Antonia; Chilton, Neil B.

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.07.002

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…phagocytophilum has been reported from dogs, but not humans, in Washington. Strain variation of A. phagocytophilum with specific host tropism has been described (46)(47)(48); it is unknown whether the strain in Washington is not pathogenic to humans or whether the lack of detection in humans is the result of clinical underrecognition. I. pacificus ticks appear to play a primary role in maintaining this pathogen in nature, although I. spinipalpis ticks might play a minor role.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Epidemiology of Tickborne Pathogens, Washington, USA, 2011–2016

Dykstra¹,

Oltean²,

Kangiser³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Epidemiology of Tickborne Pathogens, Washington, USA, 2011–2016

Dykstra¹,

Oltean²,

Kangiser³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Trost et al (2018) identified three distinct clades of this intracellular bacterium by sequence divergence in the ankyrin A gene. The two clades that infect humans are known collectively as the Ap-ha strain and the strain that has not been shown to infect humans is known as Ap-v1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Ap-v1 strain infects deer (Massung et al 2005) and several other animals, but rarely P. leucopus (Keesing et al 2014). Prior to Trost et al (2018) and in our study, the strains were differentiated by the divergence of two nucleotides in a PCR-amplified 16S rDNA gene fragment (Massung et al 1998). We found that the Ap-v1 strain was threefold more prevalent (nonoverlapping 95CI) than the Ap-ha strain in I. scapularis nymphs (Table 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 4-Yr Survey of the Range of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in the Lehigh Valley Region of Eastern Pennsylvania

Edwards

Russell

Davidson

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Questing ticks were surveyed by dragging in forested habitats within the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania for four consecutive summers (2015–2018). A high level of inter-annual variation was found in the density of blacklegged tick nymphs, Ixodes scapularis Say, with a high density of host-seeking nymphs (DON) in summer 2015 and 2017 and a relatively low DON in summer 2016 and 2018. Very few American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis Say) and Ixodes cookei Packard were collected. Lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum L.) and longhorned ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann) were not represented among the 6,398 ticks collected. For tick-borne pathogen surveillance, DNA samples from 1,721 I. scapularis nymphs were prepared from specimens collected in summers 2015–2017 and screened using qPCR, high resolution melting analysis, and DNA sequencing when necessary. The overall 3-yr nymphal infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi was 24.8%, Borrelia miyamotoi was 0.3%, Anaplasma phagocytophilum variant-ha was 0.8%, and Babesia microti was 2.8%. Prevalence of coinfection with B. burgdorferi and B. microti as well as B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum variant-ha were significantly higher than would be expected by independent infection. B. burgdorferi nymphal infection prevalence is similar to what other studies have found in the Hudson Valley region of New York, but levels of B. microti and A. phagocytophilum variant-ha nymphal infection prevalence are relatively lower. This study reinforces the urgent need for continued tick and pathogen surveillance in the Lehigh Valley region.

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“…We compare differences between within-tick infection status of feeding adult ticks removed from WTD and questing adult ticks collected by dragging/flagging methods. Although some pathogens may not be harmful to humans, such as the Anaplasma-variant 1 (Trost et al 2018), coinfections within hosts can induce facultative relationships favoring TBP maintenance in the environment. These data may provide baseline evaluations of TBP prevalence in central Maryland and evince pathogen/vector/host trends between I. scapularis and WTD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen Coinfections Harbored by AdultIxodes scapularisfrom White-Tailed Deer Compared with Questing Adults Across Sites in Maryland, USA

Milholland

Rich

et al. 2021

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, can acquire and transmit tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) responsible for diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum [ANPH]), babesiosis (Babesia microti [BABE]), Lyme borreliosis (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato [BBSL]), and the relatively novel relapsing feverlike illness, Borrelia miyamotoi (BMIY) disease in the northeastern United States. Coinfections with these pathogens are becoming increasingly more common in I. scapularis and their hosts, likely attributed to their shared enzootic cycles. Urban habitats are favorable to host species such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and these ungulates are known to be important to I. scapularis for reproduction and dispersal in North America. To understand the relationship between TBPs, white-tailed deer, and I. scapularis, we sampled eight sites across central Maryland collecting I. scapularis using standard tick dragging/flagging methods and retrieved others from deer carcasses. Pathogenic TBP species in each tick were determined using qPCR. In total, 903 adult ticks (deer: n = 573; questing: n = 330) revealed landscape-level prevalence of ANPH (27.8%), BABE (1.3%), BBSL (14.6%), and BMIY (0.8%) as singular infections overall. However, secondary coinfections of ANPH and BBSL were highest (9.9%) in ticks feeding from deer while associations of BBSL and BABE (4.2%) were highest in questing ticks. Results from this study provide evidence suggesting that adult I. scapularis acquire pathogenic species through phenologically associated host use, and thus, subsequent infections found in adults may provide insights into coinfection relationships.

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Three genetically distinct clades of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes scapularis

Cited by 13 publications

References 49 publications

Ecology and Epidemiology of Tickborne Pathogens, Washington, USA, 2011–2016

Ecology and Epidemiology of Tickborne Pathogens, Washington, USA, 2011–2016

A 4-Yr Survey of the Range of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in the Lehigh Valley Region of Eastern Pennsylvania

Pathogen Coinfections Harbored by AdultIxodes scapularisfrom White-Tailed Deer Compared with Questing Adults Across Sites in Maryland, USA

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