Three groups of interneurons account for nearly 100% of neocortical GABAergic neurons

Rudy, Bernardo; Fishell, Gord; Lee, Soo Hyun; Hjerling-Leffler, Jens

doi:10.1002/dneu.20853

Cited by 1,272 publications

(1,442 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(263 reference statements)

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“…1). As SST and VIP are believed to be mutually exclusive interneuron markers in mouse cortex (1,17) and derive from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminence progenitor populations, respectively (47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52), this demonstrates that interneurons from distinct progenitor pools are affected by the Dlx1 mutation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Inhibitory interneurons, representing ∼20% of cortical neurons (1), regulate this processing by shaping the spectral tuning (2-13), temporal tuning (14)(15)(16), and response dynamics of local excitatory neurons (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Inhibitory interneurons form multiple subtypes on the basis of morphology, physiology, and biochemistry (1,17) that likely serve distinct roles in cortical processing.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Chronic reduction in inhibition reduces receptive field size in mouse auditory cortex

Seybold

Stanco

Cho³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Inhibitory interneurons regulate the responses of cortical circuits. In auditory cortical areas, inhibition from these neurons narrows spectral tuning and shapes response dynamics. Acute disruptions of inhibition expand spectral receptive fields. However, the effects of long-term perturbations of inhibitory circuitry on auditory cortical responses are unknown. We ablated ∼30% of dendrite-targeting cortical inhibitory interneurons after the critical period by studying mice with a conditional deletion of Dlx1. Following the loss of interneurons, baseline firing rates rose and tone-evoked responses became less sparse in auditory cortex. However, contrary to acute blockades of inhibition, the sizes of spectral receptive fields were reduced, demonstrating both higher thresholds and narrower bandwidths. Furthermore, long-latency responses at the edge of the receptive field were absent. On the basis of changes in response dynamics, the mechanism for the reduction in receptive field size appears to be a compensatory loss of corticocortically (CC) driven responses. Our findings suggest chronic conditions that feature changes in inhibitory circuitry are not likely to be well modeled by acute network manipulations, and compensation may be a critical component of chronic neuronal conditions. P rocessing of auditory information in the auditory cortex underlies the conscious perception of sound and speech comprehension. Inhibitory interneurons, representing ∼20% of cortical neurons (1), regulate this processing by shaping the spectral tuning (2-13), temporal tuning (14-16), and response dynamics of local excitatory neurons (5-11). Inhibitory interneurons form multiple subtypes on the basis of morphology, physiology, and biochemistry (1, 17) that likely serve distinct roles in cortical processing.Loss of inhibitory interneurons is observed in conditions that affect cortical processing in humans, and in animal models of human disorders, including aging (18, 19), autism (20), schizophrenia (21-23), traumatic brain injury (TBI) (24), hearing loss (25-28), and tinnitus (29). Often, a particular disease is associated with a specific deficit in a subset of interneurons. For example, rodent models of autism demonstrate a loss of parvalbumin positive (PV + ) interneurons (20), whereas aging and TBI models show a greater loss of somatostatin (SST) + interneurons than other interneuron populations (19,24). The disruption of specific interneuron populations may underlie the particular cognitive defects associated with each condition. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the effects following chronic reductions of particular interneuron subtypes.One mouse model of an adult-onset loss of dendrite-targeting interneurons (DTIs) is the Dlx1 mutant (30). Dlx1 encodes a homeobox transcription factor from the Dlx family that regulates the development, migration, and survival of cortical interneurons (30-32). In Dlx1 mutants, the other Dlx family members compensate for the deficiency and thereby allow interneurons to migrate into cortex (30)....

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

Chronic reduction in inhibition reduces receptive field size in mouse auditory cortex

Seybold

Stanco

Cho³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The rest are different kinds of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons [32]. However, the size or volume of pyramidal cells (measured in cubic micrometres) varies greatly among mammals and roughly increases with an increase in brain size, i.e.…”

Section: The Cortex As a Dominant Contributor To The 'Seat' Of Intellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal factors determining high intelligence

Dicke¹,

Roth²

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

145

107

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One contribution of 16 to a discussion meeting issue 'Homology and convergence in nervous system evolution'. Many attempts have been made to correlate degrees of both animal and human intelligence with brain properties. With respect to mammals, a much-discussed trait concerns absolute and relative brain size, either uncorrected or corrected for body size. However, the correlation of both with degrees of intelligence yields large inconsistencies, because although they are regarded as the most intelligent mammals, monkeys and apes, including humans, have neither the absolutely nor the relatively largest brains. The best fit between brain traits and degrees of intelligence among mammals is reached by a combination of the number of cortical neurons, neuron packing density, interneuronal distance and axonal conduction velocity-factors that determine general information processing capacity (IPC), as reflected by general intelligence. The highest IPC is found in humans, followed by the great apes, Old World and New World monkeys. The IPC of cetaceans and elephants is much lower because of a thin cortex, low neuron packing density and low axonal conduction velocity. By contrast, corvid and psittacid birds have very small and densely packed pallial neurons and relatively many neurons, which, despite very small brain volumes, might explain their high intelligence. The evolution of a syntactical and grammatical language in humans most probably has served as an additional intelligence amplifier, which may have happened in songbirds and psittacids in a convergent manner.

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“…They are involved in the regulation of a wide range of processes (Martel et al, 2012). Neurons of both classes are widely distributed throughout all regions of mammalian cortex, and together they comprise a substantial proportion of all inhibitory interneurons (Martel et al, 2012;Rudy et al, 2011).…”

Section: Modulation That Suppresses Responses To Rf Inputmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the functions, mechanisms, and malfunctions of intracortical contextual modulation

Phillips

Clark

Silverstein

2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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A broad neuron-centric conception of contextual modulation is reviewed and re-assessed in the light of recent neurobiological studies of amplification, suppression, and synchronization. Behavioural and computational studies of perceptual and higher cognitive functions that depend on these processes are outlined, and evidence that those functions and their neuronal mechanisms are impaired in schizophrenia is summarized. Finally, we compare and assess the long-term biological functions of contextual modulation at the level of computational theory as formalized by the theories of coherent infomax and free energy reduction. We conclude that those theories, together with the many empirical findings reviewed, show how contextual modulation at the neuronal level enables the cortex to flexibly adapt the use of its knowledge to current circumstances by amplifying and grouping relevant activities and by suppressing irrelevant activities.

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Three groups of interneurons account for nearly 100% of neocortical GABAergic neurons

Cited by 1,272 publications

References 123 publications

Chronic reduction in inhibition reduces receptive field size in mouse auditory cortex

Chronic reduction in inhibition reduces receptive field size in mouse auditory cortex

Neuronal factors determining high intelligence

On the functions, mechanisms, and malfunctions of intracortical contextual modulation

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