Two-loop anomalous dimensions and one-loop renormalization scheme matching factors are calculated for six-quark operators responsible for neutron-antineutron transitions. When combined with lattice QCD determinations of the matrix elements of these operators, our results can be used to reliably predict the neutron-antineutron vacuum transition time, τnn, in terms of basic parameters of baryon-number violating beyond-the-Standard-Model theories. The operators are classified by their chiral transformation properties, and a basis in which there is no operator mixing due to strong interactions is identified. Operator projectors that are required for non-perturbative renormalization of the corresponding lattice QCD six-quark operator matrix elements are constructed. A complete calculation of δm = 1/τnn in a particular beyond-the-Standard-Model theory is presented as an example to demonstrate how operator renormalization and results from lattice QCD are combined with experimental bounds on δm to constrain the scale of new baryon-number violating physics. At the present computationally accessible lattice QCD matching scale of ∼ 2 GeV, the next-to-nextto-leading-order effects calculated in this work correct the leading-order plus next-to-leading-order δm predictions of beyond-the-Standard-Model theories by < 26%. Next-to-next-to-next-to-leadingorder effects provide additional unknown corrections to predictions of δm that are estimated to be < 7%.