Three multi-enzyme cascade pathways for conversion of C1 to C2/C4 compounds

Multilayer Engineering of an Escherichia coli-Based Biotransformation System to Exclusively Produce Glycolic Acid from Formaldehyde

“…The enzyme cascade reactions by using isolated forms of alcohol oxidases, glycolaldehyde synthases, and aldehyde dehydrogenases generated glycolic acid to 0.33 g/L (4.3 mM) and 1.59 g/L (21 mM) from methanol and formaldehyde, respectively. 8 However, the bioconversion yield remained below 34%, leaving a large amount of the starting materials unreacted.…”

“…C1 compounds have been also transformed into industrially relevant multicarbon products such as ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, dihydroxyacetone, d -erythrose, and d -erythrulose from methanol and/or formaldehyde by enzyme catalysis using carboligases as key enzymes (Scheme S1). − Zhou et al demonstrated that methanol was transformed into glycolaldehyde by a serial reaction of alcohol oxidase and glycolaldehyde synthase, which was further converted into ethylene glycol by an alcohol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter oxidans . Glycolic acid and d -erythrose were also produced from glycolaldehyde by an aldehyde dehydrogenase from Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300 and a 2-deoxy- d -ribose-5-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli , respectively.…”

Exploring Emergent Properties in Enzymatic Reaction Networks: Design and Control of Dynamic Functional Systems

“…Zhou et al. designed several ERNs to convert methanol to ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, and d -erythrose . In addition, the Bioplastic PHB has been produced from methanol and acetate (Figure d). , Furthermore, Liu et al managed to use ethanol to produce acetyl-CoA and regenerate ATP using the isoprenol production pathway …”

Manipulating Activity and Chemoselectivity of a Benzaldehyde Lyase for Efficient Synthesis of α-Hydroxymethyl Ketones and One-Pot Enantio-Complementary Conversion to 1,2-Diols

“…α-Hydroxymethyl ketones are often encountered in the structure of many bioactive products − and are also routinely used as versatile building blocks for the manufacture of high-value important molecules in organic synthesis, with numerous applications as chiral auxiliaries, chiral ligands, or chiral catalysts for asymmetric synthesis (Scheme A). − Several cascade reactions have been established to obtain useful and high-value chemicals with α-hydroxymethyl ketone as an intermediate. − For example, dihydroxyacetone was an important α-hydroxymethyl ketone in the pathway for cell-free starch, hexoses, or l -alanine synthesis. − Owing to its great importance, the development of efficient methods for the synthesis of α-hydroxymethyl ketones is an important research focus in the pharmaceutical industry. The chemical methods for the preparation of α-hydroxymethyl ketones involve iodine-promoted activation, oxidation, and dioxygenation of alkenes, , substitution of α-haloketones, , oxidation of diols, decarboxylative oxidation of carboxylic acids, , and hydroxymethylation of aldehydes by N -heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). , Compared to conventional chemical methods that often require high toxic and cost reagents, harsh reaction conditions, and sometimes low isolated yields, biocatalysis has become an attractive approach to prepare α-hydroxymethyl ketones.…”