Three-Parameter Elliptical Aperture Distributions for Sum and Difference Antenna Patterns Using Particle Swarm Optimization

Abstract

Abstract-This paper presents a unified analysis of the threeparameter aperture distributions for both sum and difference antenna patterns, suitable for communications or telemetry applications with either a stationary or tracking antenna, and with the parameters automatically determined by Particle-Swarm Optimization (PSO). These distributions can be created, for example, by reflector, phased array, or other antenna systems. The optimizations involve multiple objectives, for which Pareto efficiency concepts apply, and are accelerated by compact, analytical closed-form equations for key metrics of the distributions, including the far-field radiation pattern and detection slope of the difference pattern. The limiting cases of the three-parameter distributions are discussed and shown to generalize other distributions in the literature. A derivation of the generalized vector far fields provides the background for the distribution study and helps clarify the definition of cross-polarization in the farfield. Examples are given to show that the three-parameter (3P) distributions meet a range of system-level constraints for various applications, including a sidelobe mask for satellite ground stations and maximizing pointing error detection sensitivity while minimizing clutter from sidelobes for tracking applications. The equations for the relative angle sensitivity for the difference pattern are derived. A study of the sensitivity of the 3P parameter values is presented.

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“…PSO is recently applied in various types of array antennas for broadband, reconfigurable and switched-beam applications [6][7][8][9] and used in conjunction with CST MWS to design near-field correcting structures and spatial phase shifters [10,11]. Also this data-driven optimization is implemented to design various types of EM or microwave devices such as couplers, frequency selective surfaces, artificial magnetic conductors, aperture distribution, and filters [12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, it is not easy to find that the data-driven optimization is used to design large-scale array antennas.…”