Three strikes and you’re out: culture, facilities, and participation among LGBTQ youth in sports

Kulick, Alex; Wernick, Laura J.; Espinoza, Mario Alberto V.; Newman, Tarkington J.; Dessel, Adrienne B.

doi:10.1080/13573322.2018.1532406

Cited by 57 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The current findings indicate fairly equal sports participation rates of cisgender and non-cisgender individuals in Europe (Kulick et al, 2018 ). Transgender males, being the most active group, reflect structural conditions of the sport system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Mainstream and organized sports activities are mostly experienced as unsafe spaces by transgender individuals, in which they face several distal and proximal stressors (Lucas-Carr and Caudwell, 2014;Elling-Machartzki, 2015;Hargie et al, 2017;Jones et al, 2017a;Semerjian, 2019). There is strong academic agreement that the changing room is one of the most challenging barriers: feelings of shame, body incongruence, body dissatisfaction, and fears of others' reactions-all resembling major internal proximal stressors-generate distal stressors, such as abjectification and stigma, negotiations of gender (non-) conformity, and discriminatory behavior (Semerjian and Cohen, 2006;Symons, 2010;Lucas-Carr and Krane, 2012;Smith et al, 2012a;Caudwell, 2014;Elling-Machartzki, 2015;Hargie et al, 2017;Jones et al, 2017a;Kulick et al, 2018;Semerjian, 2019). The locker room is perceived as the most challenging situation, "entrenched in cisgenderism and heteronormativity" (Semerjian, 2019, p. 154), but the entanglement of proximal and distal stressors generally leads to feelings of fear in public sporting spaces, which often impede sports engagement (Hargie et al, 2017).…”

Section: Transgender Athletes' Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantitative research on sports participation, along with the situations and experiences of transgender athletes in different sports and settings, is rare and sometimes inconsistent. Regarding the general sports participation of transgender individuals, Kulick et al ( 2018 ) found fairly equal sports frequencies between transgender and cisgender students in USA, but a mediated, negative effect for sports participation of transgender individuals through feelings of unsafety in facilities (locker-rooms, bathrooms). In contrast, lower participation rates in sports and physical activities were found for transgender people compared to cisgender people in USA (Muchicko et al, 2014 ) and compared to lesbian women, gay men, and bisexual persons in Canada (ACT Government, 2014 ).…”

Section: Transgender Athletes' Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender Identities in Organized Sports—Athletes' Experiences and Organizational Strategies of Inclusion

2020

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In relation to conceptualizing sports, beliefs about sex binary and male hegemony are dominant. To match these assumptions and provide level playing fields, sport systems are based on sex-segregation. Thus, people who do not fit into or reject fitting into sex categories are hindered from participating in sports, particularly organized sports. Studies on social exclusion of gender-identity minorities in sports mainly adopt a qualitative approach and focus on Anglophone countries. This research is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the experiences of LGBT+ athletes in organized sports settings in Europe and is based on a quantitative online survey (n = 2,282). The current paper draws special attention to differences between cisgender and non-cisgender athletes (including transgender men, transgender women, non-binary, and non-identifying individuals). Besides athletes' experiences, organizational strategies of inclusion, derived from qualitative interviews with stakeholders from sport systems in five European countries (Germany, Scotland, Austria, Italy, and Hungary) are examined. Theoretically anchored in Cunningham's (2012) multilevel model for understanding the experiences of LGBT+ individuals and Meyer's (2003) minority stress model, the paper aims to (1) analyze the assessment of transnegativity and (2) examine negative experiences (prevalence, forms, perpetrators) of LGBT+ athletes from organized sport contexts in Europe; and (3) discuss inclusive strategies in sports organizations in Europe. Data reveal that transnegativity is perceived as a major problem in European sports, and non-cisgender athletes are the most vulnerable group, suffering particularly from structural discrimination. The implementation of inclusive strategies for non-cisgender athletes is perceived as a complex and essential task, but the sports organizations in the five countries differ substantially in terms of the status of implementation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Transgender Athletes' Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transgender Athletes' Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender Identities in Organized Sports—Athletes' Experiences and Organizational Strategies of Inclusion

2020

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“…Studies conducted by researchers in a wide-range of sport settings now provide evidence that LGBTQ+ people regularly experience discrimination and exclusion in sport (Baiocco, Pistella, Salvati, Ioverno, & Lucidi, 2018;Brackenridge, Rivers, Gough, & Llewellyn, 2007;Cunningham, Pickett, Melton, Lee, & Miner, 2014;Demers, 2017;Englefield, Cunningham, Mahoney, Stone, & Torrance, 2016;GLSEN, 2013;Greenspan, Griffith, Hayes, et al, 2019;Kokkonen, 2019;Kosciw, Greytak, Zongrone, Clark, & Truong, 2018;Kulick, Wernick, Espinoza, Newman, & Dessel, 2019;Mumberson, 2014;Rivers, 2011;Smith, Cuthbertson, & Gale, 2012;Stonewall, 2009Stonewall, , 2012Storr, Sullivan, Symons, Spaaij, & Sbaraglia, 2017;Symons, O'Sullivan, & Polman, 2016;Symons, Sbaraglia, Hillier, & Mitchell, 2010). The most comprehensive data comes from two international studies (34 countries) with a combined sample of over 12,000 participants.…”

Section: Experiences Of Lgbtq+ People In Sportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second gap in the literature that needs to be addressed is the lack of research focused on identifying practical, pragmatic, and scalable solutions to stop the discrimination and exclusion of LGBTQ+ people in sport. Scholars (Chang et al, 2020;Kulick et al, 2019) often suggest a need for educational resources or training programs, yet over the last two-decades, dozens of online and printed educational programs, resources, and manuals on LGBTQ+ inclusion and diversity have been created (e.g., Australian Sports Commission, 2000;Birch-Jones, 2014;Fletcher, 2015;Griffin, Perrotti, Priest, & Muska, 2002;Jehu, 2016;Stonewall, 2018). There is no published evidence that creating these resources has improved the sport experiences of LGBTQ+ people or that they are valued and used by sport managers and coaches.…”

Section: Implications and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing evidence of LGBTQ+ discrimination and exclusion in sport

Denison

Bevan

Jeanes

2020

Sport Management Review

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Sport organisations continue to place a low priority on addressing the exclusion and discrimination experienced by LGBTQ+ people (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, questioning/queer, and sexual/gender diverse). It was previously thought this was due to a lack of quantitative evidence of a problem; however, over the past decade, a large body of quantitative research has been conducted, including two international studies, providing strong evidence that discriminatory behaviour remains common in sport and is harmful to this population. In this paper, the authors summarise existing quantitative evidence and consider why sport organisations continue to be slow to address LGBTQ+ exclusion. They argue sport management scholars are in a unique and privileged position to address current resistance to action and drive change through conducting research aimed at identifying pragmatic, practical approaches to end harmful discriminatory behaviours. Finally, the authors describe why such research has the potential to mitigate harm while also advancing the discipline in ways described as being needed by leading scholars.

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Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth volunteering behaviors: Evidence from Northern Ireland

Van Matre

2024

Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing

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Youth volunteering is associated with a host of individual benefits, in addition to the service provided to organizations and communities. However, little is known about the volunteering behaviors of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) youth. This is a large and growing lacuna in the literature, as recent demographic surveys show that younger people are far more likely to identify as LGBTQ than those in older generations across many countries. Using Hustinx et al.'s Inequality in Volunteering model as a theoretical lens and analyzing survey data from 16‐year‐olds in Northern Ireland, this research explores whether LGB youth experience inequalities in volunteering activities relative to their non‐LGB peers. Measures of volunteering activities include propensity to volunteer in formal and informal settings, motivations, location for formal volunteering, and experiences while volunteering. Findings indicate that LGB youth are less likely to volunteer in sports or religiously oriented organizations, more likely to volunteer in order to expand social networks, and less likely to report feeling appreciated by the organizations they volunteer with. I discuss implications for philanthropic organizations wanting to move towards creating inclusive environments for LGBTQ youth volunteers and call for increased investment in data collection within gender and sexual minority populations.

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Three strikes and you’re out: culture, facilities, and participation among LGBTQ youth in sports

Cited by 57 publications

References 58 publications

Gender Identities in Organized Sports—Athletes' Experiences and Organizational Strategies of Inclusion

Gender Identities in Organized Sports—Athletes' Experiences and Organizational Strategies of Inclusion

Reviewing evidence of LGBTQ+ discrimination and exclusion in sport

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth volunteering behaviors: Evidence from Northern Ireland

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