“…Adult participants typically achieve near-perfect accuracy in this task, both with 3-dimensional forms rotated in depth, as in the original versions of the task, and also with 2-dimensional forms rotated in the picture plane (Cooper, 1975;Cooper & Shepard, 1973;Shepard & Cooper, 1982;Shepard & Metzler, 1971;Tarr & Pinker, 1989). Children are able to solve similar mental rotation tasks by the age of 5 years (Ehrlich, Levine, & Goldin-Meadow, 2006;Estes, 1998;Frick, Daum, Walser, & Mast, 2009;Frick, Ferrara, & Newcombe, 2013;Funk, Brugger, & Wilkening, 2005;Kosslyn, Margolis, Barrett, Goldknopf, & Daly, 1990;Marmor, 1975), and they can contrast rotated mirror images at even younger ages, when tested in more ecological conditions (Frick, Hansen, & Newcombe, 2013) or given appropriate training (Krüger, 2018;Marmor, 1977). For example, after two training sessions where they could actively rotate displays on a touch screen, 3year-olds proved able to associate novel pictures presented at various orientations with a sense match presented upright (Krüger, 2018).…”