Threshold for Millimeter-Wave (60 GHz)-Induced Ocular Injury

Kojima, Masami; Tasaki, Takafumi; Suzuki, Yukihisa; Kamijo, Toshio; Hada, Aki; Kik, Alfred; Ikehata, Masateru; Sekiya, Hiroshi

doi:10.1007/s10762-022-00850-w

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

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“…This comprehensive guide, outlining both advantages and limitations, serves as a valuable resource for scientists seeking to replicate exposure systems operating at higher frequencies. We aimed to facilitate further bioelectromagnetics research by conducting experiments, enabling direct comparisons with international studies in the field [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Additionally, our aim was to introduce a novel feature: a small radiation spot size specifically designed to study localised exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Implementation of a Specialised Millimetre-Wave Exposure System for Investigating the Radiation Effects of 5G and Future Technologies

Foroughimehr,

Wood,

McKenzie

et al. 2024

Sensors

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As the fifth-generation (5G) network is introduced in the millimetre-wave (mmWave) spectrum, and the widespread deployment of 5G standalone (SA) is approaching, it becomes essential to establish scientifically grounded exposure limits in the mmWave frequency band. To achieve this, conducting experiments at specific frequencies is crucial for obtaining reliable evidence of potential biological impacts. However, there is a literature gap where experimental research either does not utilise the mmWave high band (e.g., the 26 Gigahertz (GHz) band) or most studies mainly rely on computational approaches. Moreover, some experimental studies do not establish reproducible test environment and exposure systems. Addressing these gaps is vital for a comprehensive exploration of the biological implications associated with mmWave exposure. This study was designed to develop and implement a mmWave exposure system operating at 26 GHz. The step-by-step design and development of the system are explained. This specialised system was designed and implemented within an anechoic chamber to minimise external electromagnetic (EM) interference, creating a controlled and reproducible environment for experiments involving high-frequency EM fields. The exposure system features a 1 cm radiation spot size, enabling highly localised exposure for various biological studies. This configuration facilitates numerous dosimetry studies related to mmWave frequencies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Implementation of a Specialised Millimetre-Wave Exposure System for Investigating the Radiation Effects of 5G and Future Technologies

Foroughimehr,

Wood,

McKenzie

et al. 2024

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Effects of High Temperature and High Humidity on the Degree of Ocular Damage Caused by 60 GHz Millimeter Wave Exposure

Kojima,

Tasaki,

Kamijo

et al. 2024

Health Physics

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Millimeter waves (MMW) are pervasive in society; however, studies on the biological effects of MMW exposure are usually performed in laboratory settings not reflecting global environmental diversity. We investigated the effects of a 6-min exposure to 60 GHz MMW (wavelength, 5.0 mm) at incident power densities of 200 and 300 mW cm−2 in eyes (exposed right eyes vs. unexposed left eyes) under various ambient temperature/relative humidity environments (24 °C/50%, 45 °C/20%, and 45 °C/80%) using an in vivo rabbit model. Correlations were examined with adverse ocular events, including corneal epithelial damage (assessed using fluorescein staining), corneal opacity (evaluated by slit-lamp microscopy), and corneal thickness (measured via optical coherence tomography). Our findings indicate that higher temperatures and humidity tend to exacerbate MMW-induced ocular damage, albeit not significantly in the present study. Further research with a larger sample size is warranted. Incident power density emerged as a factor that was directly linked to the ocular damage threshold. High ambient temperature and humidity tended to exacerbate ocular damage from MMW exposure, although the effect was secondary. Ocular damage in a high-temperature (45 °C), high-humidity (80%) environment was increased to the same extent as that by incident power density increased by approximately 100 mW cm−2 in an ocular damage model in a standard environment (24 °C, 50%). In a high-humidity environment, the internal ocular tissue temperature increased at a high ambient temperature of 45 °C, suggesting that the eyeball may respond differently compared to other tissues.

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Evaluation of biological effects by exposure to 60 GHz millimeter wave in reconstructed human tissue model

Ikehata,

Suzuki,

Kamijyo

et al. 2023

2023 XXXVth General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS)

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Threshold for Millimeter-Wave (60 GHz)-Induced Ocular Injury

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Design and Implementation of a Specialised Millimetre-Wave Exposure System for Investigating the Radiation Effects of 5G and Future Technologies

Design and Implementation of a Specialised Millimetre-Wave Exposure System for Investigating the Radiation Effects of 5G and Future Technologies

Effects of High Temperature and High Humidity on the Degree of Ocular Damage Caused by 60 GHz Millimeter Wave Exposure

Evaluation of biological effects by exposure to 60 GHz millimeter wave in reconstructed human tissue model

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