Threshold Limit Values: Historical Perspectives and Current Practice

Ziem, Grace; Castleman, Barry

doi:10.1097/00043764-198911000-00014

Cited by 77 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…[23][24][25][26][27] Exposure to levels as low as 250 ppmv for 4 hours has been shown to lead to neurobehavioral effects, including increased aggression in males. [28] As such, monitoring exposure to acetone vapor and ensuring that it falls within safety guidelines is an important aspect of industrial hygiene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Acetone Vapor Sensors Based on Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals and Reactive Chiral Dopants

Cachelin

Green

Peijs

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

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Accurate monitoring of exposure to organic vapors, such as acetone, is an important part of maintaining a safe working environment and adhering to long-and short-term exposure limits.Here, a novel acetone vapor detection system is described based on the use of a reactive chiral dopant in a nematic liquid crystal thin film, which can accurately monitor the total exposure over a given timeframe through changes in the reflection band of the film. It was found that films exposed to 1000 parts per million by volume (ppmv) of acetone vapor for two hours exhibited a shift in reflection band of 12 nm, with smaller shifts observed at lower concentrations of acetone. Such sensors have potential applications in industrial hygiene.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Acetone Vapor Sensors Based on Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals and Reactive Chiral Dopants

Cachelin

Green

Peijs

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Roach and Rappaport found that the TLVs often represent the exposure levels actually prevalent in major firms rather than levels at which no adverse health effects are reported. Ziem and Castleman [1989] surveyed four scientific journals and found 30 articles published between 1987 and 1989 that report adverse health effects among workers exposed at levels equal to or less than the TLVs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of threshold limit values in U.S. air pollution policy

Robinson

Paxman

1992

American J Industrial Med

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This paper analyzes the role of threshold limit values (TLVs) in national air pollution policy during the 1980s, a period in which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sought to delegate to individual states the authority to evaluate and regulate airborne toxic substances. We focus on 20 carcinogens and 11 substances with non‐genotoxic health effects that were regulated by local air toxics programs using TLVs. Data from EPA's National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse indicate that maximum TLV‐based Ambient Air Level guidelines (AALs) frequently exceed minimum TLV‐based AALs by a factor of > 1,000. Cancer potency data from EPA's Integrated Risk Information System suggest significant risks remain at TLV‐based AALs. Cancer risks at the median TLV‐based AAL exceed 1,000 cases per million exposed persons for cadmium (1,040), nickel and its compounds (1,420), propylene oxide (1,550), coke oven emissions (1,860), benzene (2,500), arsenic and its compounds (7,300), N‐nitrosodimethylamine (21,000), asbestos (21,500), and ethylene dibromide (55,000). We also summarize published studies that report non‐genotoxic health effects in workers exposed at levels near the TLV for 11 substances whose AALs were based on TLVs. Contrary to the assumption frequently made by state air toxics program, TLVs cannot be taken to represent no observed effect levels (NOELs) for regulatory purposes.

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“…These exposure limits have been shown to lack scientific merit (69) and to have been seriously influenced by vested interests (70)(71)(72)(73) Immune activation also could lead to increased response to foreign substances, such as conventional allergens. We note in our patients an apparent high rate of new onset of allergies to mold, dander, etc., following onset of chemical sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%